Research work on the topic “History of the development of internal combustion engines”
Prepared by student
11th grade
Popov Pavel
Project goals:
- study the history of the creation and development of internal combustion engines;
- consider different types of internal combustion engines;
- study the scope of application of various internal combustion engines
ICE
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which the chemical energy of fuel burning in the working cavity is converted into mechanical work.
All bodies have internal energy - earth, stones, clouds. However, extracting their internal energy is quite difficult, and sometimes impossible.
The internal energy of only some, figuratively speaking, “combustible” and “hot” bodies can most easily be used for human needs.
These include: oil, coal, hot springs near volcanoes, warm sea currents, etc. The use of internal combustion engines is extremely diverse: they drive
airplanes, ships, cars, tractors, diesel locomotives. Powerful internal combustion engines are installed on river and sea vessels.
Based on the type of fuel, internal combustion engines are divided into liquid fuel and gas engines.
According to the method of filling the cylinder with fresh charge - 4-stroke and 2-stroke.
According to the method of preparing a combustible mixture of fuel and air - for engines with external and internal mixture formation.
Power, efficiency and other engine characteristics are constantly being improved, but the basic principle of operation remains unchanged.
In an internal combustion engine, fuel burns inside the cylinders and the thermal energy released is converted into mechanical work.
The first engine was invented in 1860 by the French mechanic Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900). The working fuel in its engine was a mixture of illuminating gas (flammable gases mainly methane and hydrogen) and air. The design had all the main features of future automobile engines: two spark plugs, a cylinder with a double-acting piston, a two-stroke working cycle. Her efficiency amounted to only 4 % those. only 4% of the heat of the burned gas was spent on useful work, and the remaining 96% went away with the exhaust gases.
Lenoir engine
Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir
2 stroke engine
In this engine, the power stroke occurs twice as often.
1 stroke intake and compression
2 stroke power stroke and release
Engines of this type are used on scooters, motor boats, and motorcycles.
4-stroke Otto engine
Nikolaus August Otto
4 stroke engine
Operation diagram of a four-stroke engine, Otto cycle 1. intake 2. compression 3. power stroke 4. exhaust
Engines of this type are used in mechanical engineering.
Carburetor engine
This engine is one of the types of internal combustion engines. Fuel combustion occurs inside the engine and its essential part is the carburetor - a device for mixing gasoline with air in the required proportions. The creator of this engine was Gottlieb Daimler.
For several years, Daimler had to improve the engine. In search of more efficient motor fuels than lamp gas, Gottlieb Daimler made a trip to the south of Russia in 1881, where he became familiar with the processes of oil refining. One of its products, light gasoline, turned out to be just the energy source the inventor was looking for: gasoline evaporates well, burns quickly and completely, and is convenient for transportation.
In 1886, Daimler proposed an engine design that could run on both gas and gasoline; all subsequent Daimler automobile engines were designed only for liquid fuel.
Carburetor engine
Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler
The first version of the injection engine appeared in the late 1970s.
In this system, an oxygen sensor in the exhaust manifold determines the completeness of combustion, and an electronic circuit sets the optimal fuel/air ratio. In a closed-loop fuel system, the composition of the air-fuel mixture is monitored and adjusted several times per second. This system is very similar to that of a carburetor engine.
Modern injection engine
First injection engine
Main types of engines
Piston internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed on cars of various classes, sea and river vessels.
Main types of engines
Rotary internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed in various types of cars.
Main types of engines
Gas turbine internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed on helicopters, airplanes and other military equipment.
Diesel engine
One type of internal combustion engine is a diesel engine.
Unlike gasoline internal combustion engines, fuel combustion in it occurs due to strong compression.
At the moment of compression, fuel is injected, which burns due to high pressure.
In 1890, Rudolf Diesel developed the theory of the "economical thermal engine", which, thanks to strong compression in the cylinders, significantly improves its efficiency. He received a patent for his engine
Diesel engine
Although Diesel was the first to patent such a compression-ignition engine, an engineer named Ackroyd Stewart had previously expressed similar ideas. But he overlooked the biggest benefit: fuel efficiency.
In the 20s of the 20th century, German engineer Robert Bosch improved the built-in high-pressure fuel pump, a device that is still widely used today.
High-speed diesel, in demand in this form, has become increasingly popular as a power unit for auxiliary and public transport.
In the 50s and 60s, diesel was installed in large quantities on trucks and vans, and in the 70s, after a sharp increase in fuel prices, global manufacturers of inexpensive small passenger cars began to pay serious attention to it.
The world's most powerful diesel engine, which is installed on sea liners.
A gasoline engine is quite inefficient and is only able to convert about 20-30% of the fuel's energy into useful work. A standard diesel engine, however, typically has an efficiency of 30-40%,
diesel engines with turbocharging and intercooling up to 50%.
Advantages of diesel engines
Due to the use of high-pressure injection, the diesel engine does not impose requirements on fuel volatility, which allows the use of low-grade heavy oils.
Another important safety aspect is that diesel fuel is non-volatile (meaning it does not evaporate easily) and thus the risk of fire in diesel engines is much less, especially since they do not use an ignition system.
Main stages of internal combustion engine development
- 1860 E. Lenoir first internal combustion engine;
- 1878 N. Otto first 4-stroke engine;
- 1886 W. Daimler first carburetor engine;
- 1890 R. Diesel created a diesel engine;
- 70s of the 20th century, creation of an injection engine.
Main types of internal combustion engines
- 2 and 4 stroke internal combustion engines;
- gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines;
- piston, rotary and gas turbine internal combustion engines.
Areas of application of internal combustion engines
- automotive industry;
- mechanical engineering;
- shipbuilding;
- aviation technology;
- military equipment.
In 1799, the French engineer Philippe Le Bon discovered illuminating gas and received a patent for the use and method of producing illuminating gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance, primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, illuminating gas was suitable not only for lighting. Inventors set about designing engines capable of replacing a steam engine, while the fuel would burn not in the firebox, but directly in the engine cylinder. In 1799, Philippe Lebon created a steam engine in the firebox of the engine cylinder in France.
In 1801, Le Bon took out a patent for the design of a gas engine. The principle of operation of this machine was based on the well-known property of the gas he discovered: its mixture with air exploded when ignited, releasing a large amount of heat. The combustion products rapidly expanded, putting strong pressure on the environment. By creating the appropriate conditions, the released energy can be used for human benefit. Lebon's engine had two compressors and a mixing chamber. One compressor had to pump compressed air into the chamber, and the other compressed lighting gas from a gas generator. The gas-air mixture then entered the working cylinder, where it ignited. The engine was double-acting, that is, the working chambers operating alternately were located on both sides of the piston. Essentially, Lebon hatched the idea of an internal combustion engine, but in 1804 he died before he could bring his invention to life. 1801 Lebon compressor gas generator cylinder Lebon 1804
Jean Etienne Lenoir In subsequent years, several inventors from different countries tried to create a workable lamp gas engine. However, all these attempts did not lead to the appearance on the market of engines that could successfully compete with the steam engine. The honor of creating a commercially successful internal combustion engine belongs to the Belgian mechanic Jean Etienne Lenoir. While working at a galvanizing plant, Lenoir came to the idea that the air-fuel mixture in a gas engine could be ignited using an electric spark, and decided to build an engine based on this idea. Jean Etienne Lenoir's steam engine based on this idea Lenoir did not immediately achieve success. After it was possible to make all the parts and assemble the machine, it worked for a very short time and stopped because, due to heating, the piston expanded and jammed in the cylinder. Lenoir improved his engine by developing a water cooling system. However, the second launch attempt also failed due to poor piston movement. Lenoir supplemented its design with a lubrication system. Only then did the engine start working.
August Otto By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of varying power had already been produced. Having become rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his machine, and this predetermined its fate; it was ousted from the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his model of a gas engine and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the company "Otto and Company" was created. 1864 by Langen
By 1864, more than 300 of these engines of varying power had already been produced. Having become rich, Lenoir stopped working on improving his machine, and this predetermined its fate; it was ousted from the market by a more advanced engine created by the German inventor August Otto. 1864 August Otto In 1864, he received a patent for his model of a gas engine and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to exploit this invention. Soon the company Otto and Company was created. 1864 by Langen At first glance, the Otto engine was a step back compared to the Lenoir engine. The cylinder was vertical. The rotating shaft was placed above the cylinder on the side. A rack connected to the shaft was attached to it along the piston axis. The engine worked as follows. The rotating shaft raised the piston to 1/10 of the height of the cylinder, as a result of which a rarefied space was formed under the piston and a mixture of air and gas was sucked in. The mixture then ignited. Neither Otto nor Langen had sufficient knowledge of electrical engineering and abandoned electric ignition. They carried out ignition with an open flame through a tube. During the explosion, the pressure under the piston increased to approximately 4 atm. Under the influence of this pressure, the piston rose, the volume of gas increased and the pressure dropped. When the piston rose, a special mechanism disconnected the rack from the shaft. The piston, first under gas pressure, and then by inertia, rose until a vacuum was created under it. Thus, the energy of the burned fuel was used in the engine to the maximum extent possible. This was Otto's main original discovery. The downward working stroke of the piston began under the influence of atmospheric pressure, and after the pressure in the cylinder reached atmospheric pressure, the exhaust valve opened and the piston with its mass displaced the exhaust gases. Due to the more complete expansion of combustion products, the efficiency of this engine was significantly higher than the efficiency of the Lenoir engine and reached 15%, that is, it exceeded the efficiency of the best steam engines of that time. Otto engine
Since Otto engines were almost five times more economical than Lenoir engines, they immediately became in great demand. In subsequent years, about five thousand of them were produced. Otto worked hard to improve their design. Soon the rack was replaced by a crank transmission. But his most significant invention came in 1877, when Otto took out a patent for a new four-stroke cycle engine. This cycle still underlies the operation of most gas and gasoline engines today. The following year, the new engines were already put into production. In 1877, the four-stroke cycle was Otto's greatest technical achievement. But it was soon discovered that several years before its invention, exactly the same principle of engine operation was described by the French engineer Beau de Rochas. A group of French industrialists challenged Otto's patent in court. The court found their arguments convincing. Otto's rights arising from his patent were significantly reduced, including the cancellation of his monopoly on the four-stroke cycle. Beau de Rocha Although competitors began producing four-stroke engines, Otto's model, proven over many years of production, was still the best, and the demand for it did not stop . By 1897, about 42 thousand of these engines of varying power were produced. However, the fact that illuminating gas was used as fuel greatly narrowed the scope of application of the first internal combustion engines. The number of lighting and gas plants was insignificant even in Europe, and in Russia there were only two of them - in Moscow and St. Petersburg. 1897 EuropeRussia MoscowPetersburg
The search for a new fuel Therefore, the search for a new fuel for the internal combustion engine did not stop. Some inventors tried to use liquid fuel vapor as a gas. Back in 1872, the American Brighton tried to use kerosene for this purpose. However, kerosene did not evaporate well, and Brighton switched to a lighter petroleum product, gasoline. But in order for a liquid fuel engine to successfully compete with a gas engine, it was necessary to create a special device for evaporating gasoline and obtaining a combustible mixture of it with air. 1872 Brighton Brighton, in the same year 1872, invented one of the first so-called “evaporative” carburetors , but he acted unsatisfactorily. Brighton 1872
Gasoline engine A workable gasoline engine appeared only ten years later. Probably its first inventor can be called O.S. Kostovich, who provided a working prototype of a gasoline engine in 1880. However, his discovery still remains poorly illuminated. In Europe, the greatest contribution to the creation of gasoline engines was made by the German engineer Gottlieb Daimler. For many years he worked for Otto's company and was a member of its board. In the early 80s, he proposed to his boss a project for a compact gasoline engine that could be used in transport. Otto reacted coldly to Daimler's proposal. Then Daimler, together with his friend Wilhelm Maybach, made a bold decision in 1882, they left Otto’s company, acquired a small workshop near Stuttgart and began working on their project. Kostovich’s gasoline engine O.S. Gottlieb Daimler DaimlerWilhelm Maybach 1882
The problem facing Daimler and Maybach was not an easy one: they decided to create an engine that would not require a gas generator, would be very light and compact, but at the same time powerful enough to propel a crew. Daimler expected to achieve an increase in power by increasing the shaft speed, but for this it was necessary to ensure the required ignition frequency of the mixture. In 1883, the first glow gasoline engine was created with ignition from a hot tube inserted into the gas generator cylinder. 1883 glow gasoline engine cylinder
The first model of a gasoline engine was intended for industrial stationary installation. The evaporation process of liquid fuel in the first gasoline engines left much to be desired. Therefore, the invention of the carburetor made a real revolution in engine building. The Hungarian engineer Donat Banki is considered to be its creator. In 1893, he took out a patent for a carburetor with a jet, which was the prototype of all modern carburetors. Unlike his predecessors, Banks proposed not to evaporate gasoline, but to finely spray it in the air. This ensured its uniform distribution throughout the cylinder, and the evaporation itself occurred in the cylinder under the influence of the heat of compression. To ensure atomization, gasoline was sucked in by an air flow through a metering nozzle, and the consistency of the mixture composition was achieved by maintaining a constant level of gasoline in the carburetor. The jet was made in the form of one or several holes in a tube located perpendicular to the air flow. To maintain the pressure, a small tank with a float was provided, which maintained the level at a given height, so that the amount of gasoline sucked in was proportional to the amount of incoming air. The Donat Bank carburetor in 1893 sprayed gasoline finely into the air. The first internal combustion engines were single-cylinder, and in order to increase engine power, the cylinder volume was usually increased. Then they began to achieve this by increasing the number of cylinders. Cylinder volume At the end of the 19th century, two-cylinder engines appeared, and from the beginning of the 20th century, four-cylinder engines began to spread. 19th century XX
Prepared by: Tarasov Maxim Yurievich
Head: industrial training master
MAOU DO MUK "Eureka"
Barakaeva Fatima Kurbanbievna
- An internal combustion engine (ICE) is one of the main devices in the design of a car, serving to convert fuel energy into mechanical energy, which, in turn, performs useful work. The operating principle of an internal combustion engine is based on the fact that fuel combines with air to form an air mixture. Burning cyclically in the combustion chamber, the air-fuel mixture provides high pressure directed to the piston, which, in turn, rotates the crankshaft through the crank mechanism. Its rotational energy is transferred to the vehicle's transmission.
- To start an internal combustion engine, a starter is often used - usually an electric motor that turns the crankshaft. In heavier diesel engines, an auxiliary internal combustion engine (“starter”) is used as a starter and for the same purpose.
- There are the following types of engines (ICE):
- gasoline
- diesel
- gas
- gas-diesel
- rotary piston
- Gasoline internal combustion engines- the most common of automobile engines. The fuel for them is gasoline. Passing through the fuel system, gasoline enters the carburetor or intake manifold through spray nozzles, and then this air-fuel mixture is supplied to the cylinders, compressed under the influence of the piston group, and ignited by a spark from the spark plugs.
- The carburetor system is considered obsolete, so the fuel injection system is now widely used. Fuel atomizing nozzles (injectors) inject either directly into the cylinder or into the intake manifold. Injection systems are divided into mechanical and electronic. Firstly, mechanical lever mechanisms of the plunger type are used for fuel dosing, with the ability to electronically control the fuel mixture. Secondly, the process of fuel composition and injection is completely entrusted to the electronic control unit (ECU). Injection systems are necessary for more thorough combustion of fuel and minimization of harmful combustion products.
- Diesel internal combustion engines use special diesel fuel. Car engines of this type do not have an ignition system: the fuel mixture entering the cylinders through the injectors is capable of exploding under the influence of high pressure and temperature provided by the piston group.
Gasoline and diesel engines. Operating cycles of gasoline and diesel engines
- use gas as fuel - liquefied, generator, compressed natural gas. The proliferation of such engines was due to growing requirements for environmental safety of transport. The original fuel is stored in cylinders under high pressure, from where it enters the gas reducer through the evaporator, losing pressure. Further, the process is similar to injection gasoline internal combustion engines. In some cases, gas power systems may not use evaporators.
- A modern car is most often driven by an internal combustion engine. There are a huge variety of such engines. They differ in volume, number of cylinders, power, rotation speed, fuel used (diesel, gasoline and gas internal combustion engines). But, in principle, the structure of the internal combustion engine is similar.
- How does the engine work and why is it called a four-stroke internal combustion engine? It’s clear about internal combustion. Fuel burns inside the engine. Why 4 strokes of the engine, what is it? Indeed, there are also two-stroke engines. But they are used extremely rarely on cars.
- A four-stroke engine is called because its work can be divided into four equal parts. The piston will pass through the cylinder four times - twice up and twice down. The stroke begins when the piston is at its lowest or highest point. For motorist mechanics, this is called top dead center (TDC) and bottom dead center (BDC).
- The first stroke, also known as the intake stroke, begins at TDC (top dead center). Moving down, the piston sucks the air-fuel mixture into the cylinder. This stroke operates when the intake valve is open. By the way, there are many engines with multiple intake valves. Their number, size, and time spent in the open state can significantly affect engine power. There are engines in which, depending on the pressure on the gas pedal, there is a forced increase in the time the intake valves are open. This is done to increase the amount of fuel drawn in, which, once ignited, increases engine power. The car, in this case, can accelerate much faster.
- The next stroke of the engine is the compression stroke. After the piston has reached the bottom point, it begins to rise, thereby compressing the mixture that entered the cylinder during the intake stroke. The fuel mixture is compressed to the volume of the combustion chamber. What kind of camera is this? The free space between the top of the piston and the top of the cylinder when the piston is at top dead center is called the combustion chamber. The valves are completely closed during this cycle of engine operation. The more tightly they are closed, the better the compression occurs. In this case, the condition of the piston, cylinder, and piston rings is of great importance. If there are large gaps, then good compression will not work, and accordingly, the power of such an engine will be much lower. Compression can be checked with a special device. Based on the compression level, we can draw a conclusion about the degree of engine wear.
- The third stroke is the working one, starting at TDC. It is no coincidence that he is called a worker. After all, it is in this beat that the action that makes the car move occurs. At this stroke, the ignition system comes into operation. Why is this system called that? Yes, because it is responsible for igniting the fuel mixture compressed in the cylinder in the combustion chamber. It works very simply - the system spark plug gives a spark. In fairness, it is worth noting that the spark is produced at the spark plug a few degrees before the piston reaches the top point. These degrees, in a modern engine, are regulated automatically by the “brains” of the car.
- After the fuel ignites, an explosion occurs - it sharply increases in volume, forcing the piston to move down. The valves in this stroke of the engine, as in the previous one, are in a closed state.
The fourth stroke is the release stroke
- The fourth stroke of the engine, the last one is exhaust. Having reached the bottom point, after the power stroke, the exhaust valve in the engine begins to open. There can be several such valves, like intake valves. Moving upward, the piston removes exhaust gases from the cylinder through this valve - ventilates it. The degree of compression in the cylinders, the complete removal of exhaust gases and the required amount of the intake fuel-air mixture depend on the precise operation of the valves.
- After the fourth beat, it’s the turn of the first. The process is repeated cyclically. And due to what does the rotation occur - the work of the internal combustion engine during all 4 strokes, what causes the piston to rise and fall during the compression, exhaust and intake strokes? The fact is that not all the energy received in the working stroke is directed to the movement of the car. Part of the energy goes to spin the flywheel. And he, under the influence of inertia, rotates the engine crankshaft, moving the piston during the period of “non-working” strokes.
The presentation was prepared based on materials from the site http://autoustroistvo.ru
Slide 1
Slide 2
Operating principle The operating principle of the internal combustion engine was based on the pistol invented by Alessandro Volta in 1777. This principle consisted in the fact that instead of gunpowder, a mixture of air and coal gas was detonated using an electric spark. In 1807, the Swiss Isaac de Rivatz received a patent for the use of a mixture of air and coal gas as a means of generating mechanical energy. The car had a built-in engine, consisting of a cylinder in which, due to an explosion, the piston moved upward, and when moving downward, it activated a swing arm. In 1825, Michael Faraday obtained benzene from coal - the first liquid fuel for an internal combustion engine. Before 1830, many vehicles were produced that did not yet have true internal combustion engines, but had engines that used a mixture of air and coal gas instead of steam. It turned out that this solution did not bring much benefit, and the production of such engines was unsafe. The foundation for a lightweight, compact engine was laid only in 1841 by the Italian Luigi Cristoforis, who built an engine operating on the compression-ignition principle. Such an engine had a pump that supplied flammable liquid - kerosene - as fuel. Before 1830, many vehicles were produced that did not yet have true internal combustion engines, but had engines that used a mixture of air and coal gas instead of steam. It turned out that this solution did not bring much benefit, and the production of such engines was unsafe.
Slide 3
The emergence of the first internal combustion engines The foundation for the creation of a light, compact engine was laid only in 1841 by the Italian Luigi Cristoforis, who built an engine operating on the compression-ignition principle. Such an engine had a pump that supplied flammable liquid - kerosene - as fuel. Eugenio Barzanti and Fetis Mattocci developed this idea and introduced the first true internal combustion engine in 1854. It operated in a three-stroke sequence (no compression stroke) and was water-cooled. Although other types of fuel were also considered, they chose a mixture of air and coal gas as the fuel and achieved a power of 5 hp. In 1858, another two-cylinder engine appeared - with opposite cylinders. By that time, the Frenchman Etienne Lenoir had completed the project begun by his compatriot Hugon in 1858. In 1860, Lenoir patented his own internal combustion engine, which later became a great commercial success. The engine ran on coal gas in three-stroke mode. In 1863 they tried to install it on a car, but the power was 1.5 hp. at 100 rpm it was not enough to move around. At the World Exhibition in Paris in 1867, the Deutz gas engine factory, founded by engineer Nicolas Otto and industrialist Eugen Langen, presented an engine based on the Barzanti-Mattocci principle. It was lighter, created less vibration, and soon took the place of the Lenoir engine. A real revolution in the development of the internal combustion engine occurred with the introduction of the four-stroke engine, patented by the Frenchman Alphonse Bea de Rochas in 1862 and finally pushing the Otto engine out of service by 1876.
Slide 4
Wankel engine Rotary piston internal combustion engine (Wankel engine), the design of which was developed in 1957 by engineer Felix Wankel (F. Wankel, Germany). A special feature of the engine is the use of a rotating rotor (piston) placed inside a cylinder, the surface of which is made like an epitrochoid. The rotor mounted on the shaft is rigidly connected to a gear, which meshes with a fixed gear. The rotor with the gear wheel seems to roll around the gear. Its faces slide along the epitrochoidal surface of the cylinder and cut off the variable volumes of the chambers in the cylinder. This design allows for a 4-stroke cycle without the use of a special gas distribution mechanism.
Slide 5
Jet engine Gradually, year after year, the speeds of transport vehicles increased and more and more powerful thermal engines were required. The more powerful the engine, the larger its size. A large and heavy engine could be placed on a motor ship or diesel locomotive, but it was no longer suitable for an aircraft whose weight was limited. Then, instead of piston engines, jet engines began to be installed on airplanes, which, despite their small size, could develop enormous power. Even more powerful, stronger jet engines are used to power the rockets that propel spaceships, artificial Earth satellites, and interplanetary spacecraft into the sky. In a jet engine, a jet of fuel burning in it flies out of the pipe (nozzle) at great speed and pushes the plane or rocket. The speed of a space rocket on which such engines are installed can exceed 10 km per second!
Slide 6
So, we see that internal combustion engines are a very complex mechanism. And the function performed by thermal expansion in internal combustion engines is not as simple as it seems at first glance. And internal combustion engines would not exist without the use of thermal expansion of gases. And we are easily convinced of this by examining in detail the operating principle of internal combustion engines, their operating cycles - all their work is based on the use of thermal expansion of gases. But internal combustion engines are only one specific application of thermal expansion. And judging by the benefits thermal expansion brings to people through an internal combustion engine, one can judge the benefits of this phenomenon in other areas of human activity. And let the era of the internal combustion engine pass, let them have many shortcomings, let new engines appear that do not pollute the internal environment and do not use the thermal expansion function, but the first ones will benefit people for a long time, and people will speak kindly of them after many hundreds of years about them, because they brought humanity to a new level of development, and having passed it, humanity rose even higher.
Slide 2
Plan
History of the creation of internal combustion engines Types and principles of operation of internal combustion engines 2-stroke, 4-stroke internal combustion engines Use of internal combustion engines
Slide 3
History of the creation of internal combustion engines
In 1799, French engineer Philippe Lebon discovered illuminating gas. In 1799, he received a patent for the use and method of producing illuminating gas by dry distillation of wood or coal. This discovery was of great importance primarily for the development of lighting technology. Very soon in France, and then in other European countries, gas lamps began to successfully compete with expensive candles. However, illuminating gas was suitable not only for lighting.
Slide 4
Jean Etienne Lenoir
The Lenoir engine is two-way and two-stroke, i.e. The full cycle of operation of the piston lasts for two strokes. But this engine turned out to be ineffective. Although in 1862, Lenoir installed an engine on a carriage, used a steering wheel, and even made test rides near Paris. In 1863, he claimed that his engine began to run on gasoline
Slide 5
August Otto
In 1864, August Otto received a patent for his model of a gas engine and in the same year entered into an agreement with the wealthy engineer Langen to operate this invention. Soon the company "Otto and Company" was created.
Slide 6
Types of internal combustion engines
An internal combustion engine (abbreviated as ICE) is a type of engine, a heat engine, in which the chemical energy of fuel (usually liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon fuel) burning in the working area is converted into mechanical work. Despite the fact that internal combustion engines are a relatively imperfect type of heat engine (loud noise, toxic emissions, shorter service life), due to their autonomy (the required fuel contains much more energy than the best electric batteries), internal combustion engines are very widespread, for example in transport.
Slide 7
Piston engines
A piston engine is an internal combustion engine in which the thermal energy generated as a result of the combustion of fuel in a closed volume is converted into mechanical work of the translational movement of the piston due to the expansion of the working fluid (gaseous products of fuel combustion) in the cylinder into which the piston is inserted.
Slide 8
Petrol
Gasoline - a mixture of fuel and air is prepared in the carburetor and then in the intake manifold, or in the intake manifold using spray nozzles (mechanical or electrical), then the mixture is supplied to the cylinder, compressed, and then ignited using a spark that jumps between the electrodes of the spark plug. The main characteristic feature of the fuel-air mixture in this case is its homogenization.
Slide 9
Diesel
Diesel - special diesel fuel is injected into the cylinder under high pressure. The combustible mixture is formed (and immediately burns) directly in the cylinder as a portion of fuel is injected. Ignition of the mixture occurs under the influence of high temperature air, subjected to compression in the cylinder.
Slide 10
Gas
Gas - an engine that burns hydrocarbons as fuel, which are in a gaseous state under normal conditions.
Slide 11
Gas-diesel
Gas-diesel - the main portion of fuel is prepared, as in one of the varieties of gas engines, but is ignited not with an electric spark plug, but with a pilot portion of diesel fuel injected into the cylinder similarly to a diesel engine.
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2 stroke
Push-pull cycle. Stroke cycles: 1. When the piston moves upward, the fuel mixture is compressed in the current cycle and the mixture for the next cycle is sucked into the cavity under the piston.2. When the piston moves downwards - the working stroke, exhaust and displacement of the fuel mixture from under the piston into the working area of the cylinder.
Slide 13
4 stroke
4-stroke cycle of an internal combustion engine Stroke: 1. Suction of the combustible mixture. 2. Compression. 3. Power stroke. 4. Exhaust.
Slide 14
Using an internal combustion engine
ICE is often used in transport, and each type of transport requires its own type of ICE. So, for public transport, an internal combustion engine with good traction at low speeds is needed; in public transport, a large-volume internal combustion engine is used, which develops maximum power at low speeds. Formula 1 racing cars use an internal combustion engine that achieves maximum power at high revs, but it has a relatively small displacement.
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