creation..
History of creation
Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900)
Stages of development of internal combustion engines:
1860 Etienne Lenoir invented the first engine powered by illuminating gas
1862 Alphonse Beau De Rocha proposed the idea of a four-stroke engine. However, he failed to implement his idea.
1876 Nikolaus August Otto creates a four-stroke Roche engine.
1883 Daimler proposed an engine design that could run on both gas and gasoline
Karl Benz invented a self-propelled three-wheeled stroller based on Daimler technology.
By 1920, internal combustion engines became the leading ones. steam and electric-powered crews became very rare.
August Otto (1832-1891)
Karl Benz
History of creation
Three-wheeled stroller invented by Karl Benz
Operating principle
Four stroke engine
The working cycle of a four-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is completed in 4 piston strokes (stroke), i.e. in 2 revolutions of the crankshaft.
There are 4 measures:
1st stroke – intake (the combustible mixture from the carburetor enters the cylinder)
Stroke 2 - compression (the valves are closed and the mixture is compressed, at the end of compression the mixture is ignited by an electric spark and fuel combustion occurs)
3rd stroke – power stroke (heat obtained from fuel combustion is converted into mechanical work)
Stroke 4 – exhaust (exhaust gases are displaced by the piston)
Operating principle
Two stroke engine
There is also a two-stroke internal combustion engine. The working cycle of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine is carried out in two strokes of the piston or in one revolution of the crankshaft.
1 measure 2 measures
Combustion |
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In practice, the power of a two-stroke carburetor internal combustion engine often not only does not exceed the power of a four-stroke one, but turns out to be even lower. This is due to the fact that a significant part of the stroke (20-35%) is made by the piston with the valves open
Engine efficiency
The efficiency of an internal combustion engine is low and is approximately 25% - 40%. The maximum effective efficiency of the most advanced internal combustion engines is about 44%. Therefore, many scientists are trying to increase the efficiency, as well as the engine power itself.
Ways to increase engine power:
Use of multi-cylinder engines
Using special fuel (correct mixture ratio and type of mixture)
Replacement of engine parts (correct sizes of components, depending on the type of engine)
Elimination of part of the heat loss by moving the place of fuel combustion and heating of the working fluid inside the cylinder
Engine efficiency
Compression ratio
One of the most important characteristics of an engine is its compression ratio, which is determined by the following:
e V 2 V 1
where V2 and V1 are the volumes at the beginning and end of compression. As the compression ratio increases, the initial temperature of the combustible mixture at the end of the compression stroke increases, which contributes to its more complete combustion.
Types of internal combustion engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Main engine components
The structure of a prominent representative of the internal combustion engine - the carburetor engine
Engine frame (crankcase, cylinder heads, crankshaft bearing caps, oil pan)
Movement mechanism(pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, flywheel)
Gas distribution mechanism(cam shaft, pushers, rods, rocker arms)
Lubrication system (oil, coarse filter, pan)
liquid (radiator, liquid, etc.)
Cooling system
air (air blowing)
Power system (fuel tank, fuel filter, carburetor, pumps)
Main engine components
Ignition system(current source – generator and battery, breaker + capacitor)
Starting system (electric starter, power source - battery, remote control elements)
Intake and exhaust system(pipelines, air filter, muffler)
Engine carburetor
Internal combustion engines
Training center "ONikS"
Internal combustion engine structure
1 - cylinder head;
2 - cylinder;
3 - piston;
4 - piston rings;
5 - piston pin;
7 - crankshaft;
8 - flywheel;
9 - crank;
10 - camshaft;
11 - camshaft cam;
12 - lever;
13 - valve;
14 - spark plug
The upper extreme position of the piston in the cylinder is called top dead center (TDC)
Parameters of internal combustion engines
The lowest extreme position of the piston in the cylinder is called bottom dead center
Parameters of internal combustion engines
The distance traveled by the piston from one dead center to another is called
piston stroke S .
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Volume V With above the piston located in the. m.t., called combustion chamber volume
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Volume V P above the piston located in n. m.t. is called
total cylinder volume .
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Volume Vр, released by the piston when it moves from c. m.t.k.n. m.t., called cylinder displacement .
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Cylinder displacement
Where: D- cylinder diameter;
S - piston stroke.
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Total cylinder volume
V c +V h = V n
Parameters of internal combustion engines
Compression ratio
Operating cycles of internal combustion engines
4 stroke
2 stroke
engine .
First measure - inlet .
The piston moves from c. m.t.k.n. m.t., the inlet valve is open, the outlet valve is closed. A vacuum of 0.7-0.9 kgf/cm is created in the cylinder and a flammable mixture consisting of gasoline vapor and air enters the cylinder.
Mixture temperature at the end of the intake
75-125°C.
Operating cycle of a four-stroke carburetor engine .
Second bar- compression .
The piston moves from ground level. to VMT, both valves are closed. The pressure and temperature of the working mixture increase, reaching the end of the stroke, respectively
9-15 kgf/cm 2 and 35O-50O°C.
Operating cycle of a four-stroke carburetor engine .
The third measure is an extension, or working stroke .
At the end of the compression stroke, the working mixture is ignited by an electric spark, and rapid combustion of the mixture occurs. The maximum pressure during combustion reaches 30-50 kgf/cm 2 , and the temperature is 2100-2500°C.
Operating cycle of a four-stroke carburetor engine .
Fourth measure - release
The piston moves from
n.m.t. To v.m.t., exhaust valve is open. Exhaust gases are released from the cylinder into the atmosphere. The release process takes place at pressure above atmospheric. By the end of the stroke, the pressure in the cylinder drops to 1.1-1.2 kgf/cm 2, and the temperature - to 70O-800°C.
Operation of a four-stroke carburetor engine .
Split swirl chamber combustion chamber
Shapes of combustion chambers in diesel engines
Split prechamber combustion chamber
Shapes of combustion chambers in diesel engines
Semi-divided combustion chamber
Shapes of combustion chambers in diesel engines
Undivided combustion chamber
Installation on the screen valve
Tangential channel location
Screw channel
Methods for creating vortex motion of a charge during intake
Screw channel
Operating principle of a diesel engine .
engine .
Operation of a two-stroke carburetor engine .
Research work on the topic “History of the development of internal combustion engines”
Prepared by student
11th grade
Popov Pavel
Project goals:
- study the history of the creation and development of internal combustion engines;
- consider different types of internal combustion engines;
- study the scope of application of various internal combustion engines
ICE
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine in which the chemical energy of fuel burning in the working cavity is converted into mechanical work.
All bodies have internal energy - earth, stones, clouds. However, extracting their internal energy is quite difficult, and sometimes impossible.
The internal energy of only some, figuratively speaking, “combustible” and “hot” bodies can most easily be used for human needs.
These include: oil, coal, hot springs near volcanoes, warm sea currents, etc. The use of internal combustion engines is extremely diverse: they drive
airplanes, ships, cars, tractors, diesel locomotives. Powerful internal combustion engines are installed on river and sea vessels.
Based on the type of fuel, internal combustion engines are divided into liquid fuel and gas engines.
According to the method of filling the cylinder with fresh charge - 4-stroke and 2-stroke.
According to the method of preparing a combustible mixture of fuel and air - for engines with external and internal mixture formation.
Power, efficiency and other engine characteristics are constantly being improved, but the basic principle of operation remains unchanged.
In an internal combustion engine, fuel burns inside the cylinders and the thermal energy released is converted into mechanical work.
The first engine was invented in 1860 by the French mechanic Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900). The working fuel in its engine was a mixture of illuminating gas (flammable gases mainly methane and hydrogen) and air. The design had all the main features of future automobile engines: two spark plugs, a cylinder with a double-acting piston, a two-stroke working cycle. Her efficiency amounted to only 4 % those. only 4% of the heat of the burned gas was spent on useful work, and the remaining 96% went away with the exhaust gases.
Lenoir engine
Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir
2 stroke engine
In this engine, the power stroke occurs twice as often.
1 stroke intake and compression
2 stroke power stroke and release
Engines of this type are used on scooters, motor boats, and motorcycles.
4-stroke Otto engine
Nikolaus August Otto
4 stroke engine
Operation diagram of a four-stroke engine, Otto cycle 1. intake 2. compression 3. power stroke 4. exhaust
Engines of this type are used in mechanical engineering.
Carburetor engine
This engine is one of the types of internal combustion engines. Fuel combustion occurs inside the engine and its essential part is the carburetor - a device for mixing gasoline with air in the required proportions. The creator of this engine was Gottlieb Daimler.
For several years, Daimler had to improve the engine. In search of more efficient motor fuels than lamp gas, Gottlieb Daimler made a trip to the south of Russia in 1881, where he became familiar with the processes of oil refining. One of its products, light gasoline, turned out to be just the energy source the inventor was looking for: gasoline evaporates well, burns quickly and completely, and is convenient for transportation.
In 1886, Daimler proposed an engine design that could run on both gas and gasoline; all subsequent Daimler automobile engines were designed only for liquid fuel.
Carburetor engine
Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler
The first version of the injection engine appeared in the late 1970s.
In this system, an oxygen sensor in the exhaust manifold determines the completeness of combustion, and an electronic circuit sets the optimal fuel/air ratio. In a closed-loop fuel system, the composition of the air-fuel mixture is monitored and adjusted several times per second. This system is very similar to that of a carburetor engine.
Modern injection engine
First injection engine
Main types of engines
Piston internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed on cars of various classes, sea and river vessels.
Main types of engines
Rotary internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed in various types of cars.
Main types of engines
Gas turbine internal combustion engine
Engines of this type are installed on helicopters, airplanes and other military equipment.
Diesel engine
One type of internal combustion engine is a diesel engine.
Unlike gasoline internal combustion engines, fuel combustion in it occurs due to strong compression.
At the moment of compression, fuel is injected, which burns due to high pressure.
In 1890, Rudolf Diesel developed the theory of the "economical thermal engine", which, thanks to strong compression in the cylinders, significantly improves its efficiency. He received a patent for his engine
Diesel engine
Although Diesel was the first to patent such a compression-ignition engine, an engineer named Ackroyd Stewart had previously expressed similar ideas. But he overlooked the biggest benefit: fuel efficiency.
In the 20s of the 20th century, German engineer Robert Bosch improved the built-in high-pressure fuel pump, a device that is still widely used today.
High-speed diesel, in demand in this form, has become increasingly popular as a power unit for auxiliary and public transport.
In the 50s and 60s, diesel was installed in large quantities on trucks and vans, and in the 70s, after a sharp increase in fuel prices, global manufacturers of inexpensive small passenger cars began to pay serious attention to it.
The world's most powerful diesel engine, which is installed on sea liners.
A gasoline engine is quite inefficient and is only able to convert about 20-30% of the fuel's energy into useful work. A standard diesel engine, however, typically has an efficiency of 30-40%,
diesel engines with turbocharging and intercooling up to 50%.
Advantages of diesel engines
Due to the use of high-pressure injection, the diesel engine does not impose requirements on fuel volatility, which allows the use of low-grade heavy oils.
Another important safety aspect is that diesel fuel is non-volatile (meaning it does not evaporate easily) and thus the risk of fire in diesel engines is much less, especially since they do not use an ignition system.
Main stages of internal combustion engine development
- 1860 E. Lenoir first internal combustion engine;
- 1878 N. Otto first 4-stroke engine;
- 1886 W. Daimler first carburetor engine;
- 1890 R. Diesel created a diesel engine;
- 70s of the 20th century, creation of an injection engine.
Main types of internal combustion engines
- 2 and 4 stroke internal combustion engines;
- gasoline and diesel internal combustion engines;
- piston, rotary and gas turbine internal combustion engines.
Areas of application of internal combustion engines
- automotive industry;
- mechanical engineering;
- shipbuilding;
- aviation technology;
- military equipment.
Slide 1
Physics lesson in 8th grade
Slide 2
Question 1:
What physical quantity shows how much energy is released when 1 kg of fuel is burned? What letter does it represent? Specific heat of combustion of fuel. g
Slide 3
Question 2:
Determine the amount of heat released during the combustion of 200 g of gasoline. g=4.6*10 7J/kg Q=9.2*10 6J
Slide 4
Question 3:
The specific heat of combustion of coal is approximately 2 times greater than the specific heat of combustion of peat. What does it mean. This means that the combustion of coal will require 2 times more heat.
Slide 5
Internal combustion engine
All bodies have internal energy - the earth, bricks, clouds and so on. However, most often it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to remove it. The internal energy of only some, figuratively speaking, “combustible” and “hot” bodies can most easily be used for human needs. These include: oil, coal, warm springs near volcanoes, and so on. Let's consider one example of using the internal energy of such bodies.
Slide 6
Slide 7
Carburetor engine.
carburetor - a device for mixing gasoline with air in the required proportions.
Slide 8
Main Main parts of internal combustion engine parts of internal combustion engine
1 – filter for intake air, 2 – carburetor, 3 – gas tank, 4 – fuel line, 5 – atomizing gasoline, 6 – intake valve, 7 – spark plug, 8 – combustion chamber, 9 – exhaust valve, 10 – cylinder, 11 – piston.
:
Main parts of the internal combustion engine:
Slide 9
The operation of this engine consists of several stages, or, as they say, cycles, repeating one after another. There are four of them in total. Stroke counting begins from the moment the piston is at its highest point and both valves are closed.
Slide 10
The first stroke is called intake (Fig. "a"). The intake valve opens and the descending piston draws the gasoline-air mixture into the combustion chamber. After this, the inlet valve closes.
Slide 11
The second stroke is compression (Fig. "b"). The piston, rising upward, compresses the gasoline-air mixture.
Slide 12
The third stroke is the power stroke of the piston (Fig. "c"). An electric spark flashes at the end of the candle. The gasoline-air mixture burns almost instantly and high temperatures arise in the cylinder. This leads to a strong increase in pressure and the hot gas does useful work - it pushes the piston down.
Slide 13
The fourth beat is release (Fig. "d"). The exhaust valve opens and the piston, moving upward, pushes gases out of the combustion chamber into the exhaust pipe. The valve then closes.
Slide 14
physical education minute
Slide 15
Diesel engine.
In 1892, the German engineer R. Diesel received a patent (a document confirming the invention) for the engine, which was later named after him.
Slide 16
Principle of operation:
Only air enters the cylinders of a Diesel engine. The piston, compressing this air, does work on it and the internal energy of the air increases so much that the fuel injected there immediately ignites spontaneously. The gases formed in this case push the piston back, carrying out the working stroke.
Slide 17
Operating steps:
air suction; air compression; fuel injection and combustion - piston stroke; exhaust gas release. A significant difference: the spark plug becomes unnecessary, and its place is taken by an injector - a device for injecting fuel; These are usually low-quality gasoline.
Slide 18
Some information about engines Engine type Engine type
Some information about engines Carburetor Diesel
History of creation First patented in 1860 by the Frenchman Lenoir; built in 1878 by German. inventor Otto and engineer Langen Invented in 1893 by German engineer Diesel
Working fluid Air, sat. gasoline vapors Air
Fuel Gasoline Fuel oil, oil
Max. chamber pressure 6 × 105 Pa 1.5 × 106 - 3.5 × 106 Pa
T during compression of the working fluid 360-400 ºС 500-700 ºС
T of fuel combustion products 1800 ºС 1900 ºС
Efficiency: for serial machines for the best samples 20-25% 35% 30-38% 45%
Application In passenger cars of relatively low power In heavier machines of high power (tractors, freight tractors, diesel locomotives).
Slide 19
Slide 20
Name the main parts of the internal combustion engine:
Slide 21
1. Name the main cycles of operation of an internal combustion engine. 2. At what strokes are the valves closed? 3. In what strokes is valve 1 open? 4. At what strokes is valve 2 open? 5. What is the difference between an internal combustion engine and a diesel engine?
Slide 22
Dead centers - extreme positions of the piston in the cylinder
Piston stroke - the distance traveled by the piston from one dead center to another
Four-stroke engine - one working cycle occurs in four strokes of the piston (4 strokes).
Slide 23
Fill out the table
Stroke name Piston movement 1st valve 2nd valve What happens
Inlet
Compression
Working stroke
release
down
up
down
up
open
open
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
closed
Suction of combustible mixture
Compression of the combustible mixture and ignition
Gases push the piston
Exhaust gas emissions
Slide 24
1. A type of heat engine in which steam rotates the engine shaft without the help of a piston, connecting rod or crankshaft. 2. Designation of specific heat of fusion. 3. One of the parts of an internal combustion engine. 4. Cycle stroke of an internal combustion engine. 5. The transition of a substance from a liquid to a solid state. 6. Vaporization occurring from the surface of the liquid.
