The history of the appearance of the D-243 diesel engine is inextricably linked with the legendary MTZ-80/82 tractor, the production of which began in 1974. Initially, these vehicles were equipped with the D-240 engine. Later it was replaced by the more advanced D-243, which to this day is the heart of the Minsk Plant tractors.
Currently, this engine is the most popular in the territory of the former USSR. Diesel has become the basis for a number of modifications that differ in configuration and installed units, and therefore in operational characteristics.
Technical characteristics of the D-243 Engine
The D-243 engine is a four-stroke diesel engine with a vertical, in-line cylinder arrangement and fuel injection directly into the cylinders. The base model does not have turbocharging.
Their main purpose is installation on agricultural tractors of the 1.4-2.0 t/s class. As well as other machines for industrial, agricultural, and logging purposes. Widely used on excavators, loaders, compressor stations and electric generators.
Has the following characteristics:
- Cylinders in quantity – 4 pcs;
- Cylinder operating mode – 1-3-4-2;
- Cylinder diameter – 110 mm;
- Piston stroke – 125 mm;
- Engine displacement – 4.75 l;
- Power – 59.6 kW;
- Maximum torque – 298 N*m;
- The lowest stable idle speed is 600 rpm;
- Rated idle speed – 2200 rpm;
- The highest idle speed is 2380 rpm;
- Design compression ratio – 16;
- Diesel consumption fuel – 226 g/kWh;
- Oil consumption during the warranty period, taking into account replacement, does not exceed 1.1% of fuel consumption;
- Oil pressure at minimum engine speed – 0.08 MPa;
- Oil pressure at nominal engine speed – 0.25-0.35 MPa;
- Rotation – right;
- Dry/curb diesel weight – 430/490 kg.
Diesel engines are operated in conditions from -45 to +40, in places where air exchange is not limited.
Main elements of diesel engine D-243
The engine design has a classic layout. It is based on a cylinder block cast from cast iron. The cylinder head is also made of cast iron, with elements of the gas distribution mechanism. The bottom of the cylinder block is covered by an oil pan - crankcase.
D-243 engine cylinder block
Cylinder block– the basis of the diesel body. It is cast from cast iron and has four borings for installing liners that form the cylinders. There are two seating belts for installing liners in the block bores.
The sleeve is fixed with a collar in the upper seat belt. And its lower part is sealed with a pair of rubber rings installed in the grooves of the block. A space is formed between the liner and the cylinder block with circulating coolant.
The diameter inside the sleeve is divided into three sizes: small, large and medium. They are marked with the letters (M), (C) and (B) respectively, and the marking is applied at the bottom of the sleeve.
The tides in the end walls and transverse and internal partitions of the block form the crankshaft supports. Covers are installed on the bosses to form beds for mounting the main bearings. Each cover is individual because... It is made for a specific bed, so replacing it with covers from other beds is prohibited.
There are also channels in the block through which lubricant is supplied to the main bearings and camshaft bearings. On the outside of the block there are processed planes that serve as fastenings for various equipment: fuel injection pumps, filters, water pumps, and so on.
D-243 engine cylinder head
Cylinder head is a solid cast iron part that serves as the basis for the gas distribution mechanism and fuel system. The cylinder head has channels for fresh air to enter the cylinders and exhaust gases to be removed. The channels are blocked by exhaust and intake valves.
Seats are mounted under the valves. To achieve complete tightness, each valve is ground individually to the seat. Saddles are made from high-strength and refractory alloy. To remove heat, the head has cavities with coolant circulating in them.
On top are the rocker arms, the suction manifold and the cap hiding the valve mechanism. On the fuel injection pump side, injectors are fixed in the head. On the other side is the exhaust manifold.
The seal between the block and the head is an asbestos, steel-reinforced gasket. In the gasket, the holes for the liners as well as the lubrication channel are edged with steel shells.
Basic mechanisms of the D-243 engine
There are two main mechanisms that ensure engine operation. And also the systems that serve these mechanisms, but we are not talking about them yet.
So, this is the crank mechanism and the gas distribution mechanism. The first ensures the conversion of the reciprocating movement of the pistons into the work of the crankshaft, that is, its rotation. The second controls the valve timing.
Crank mechanism of the D-243 engine
Main elements:
- Crankshaft;
- Pistons;
- Connecting rods;
- Main and connecting rod bearings;
- Flywheel.
Let's look at these elements in more detail.
Crankshaft. The crankshaft is made from steel, the shaft journals are divided into main (5 pcs.) and connecting rod (4 pcs.). The connecting rod journals are equipped with cavities for additional centrifugal filtration of lubricant.
To reduce the influence of inertial forces on the bearings, counterweights are installed on the 8th, 5th, 4th and 1st cheeks of the crankshaft.
The shaft is sealed at both ends with cuffs. The drive gears of the oil pump and the gas distribution mechanism, as well as the generator pulley and water pump are attached to the front end of the shaft. On the other side, a flywheel is mounted on the flange.
Piston, piston pin and rings. Piston material is aluminum. The grooves in its upper part are used to install three compression rings and one oil scraper ring.
The rings are made of cast iron. The first ring from the top is chrome-plated, has a rectangular cross-section, and can be inserted into the groove at random. The 2nd and 3rd rings are cone-shaped and have a “top” mark at the end. The 4th ring is a box-shaped oil scraper ring, with an expander in the form of a steel spiral.
To install the piston pin, holes are machined in the piston bosses. The finger is made of chromium-nickel steel. Retaining rings prevent the pin from moving in the bosses along the axis.
By analogy with piston liners, there are three sizes (B, C, M). Pistons and liners must match the size groups.
Connecting rod. Material steel, I-beam cross-sectional shape. The connecting rod head in its upper part has a pressed-in bushing and holes for supplying oil to the piston pin.
The lower one has beds for installing bearing shells. The beds are bored together with the covers, which means it is not permissible to swap them. In order not to confuse the connecting rod with the cover, they have identical markings.
Connecting rods also vary in weight. All connecting rods installed in the engine must be in the same weight group.
Main and connecting rod bearings. They are made from a bimetallic strip. On the D-243, depending on the diameter of the crankshaft journals, there are two sizes of liners. In addition, there are 4 repair sizes.
Flywheel. Material cast iron. It is secured to the crankshaft flange using bolts.
Gas distribution mechanism of the D-243 engine
Essential elements:
- Camshaft;
- Inlet and outlet valves;
- Barbells;
- Rocker arms;
- Sealing cuffs.
Camshaft.
The shaft drive is from a timing gear mounted on the crankshaft. Three bushings serving the shaft as bearings are pressed into the bores of the cylinder block. The first bushing made of aluminum alloy with a collar that keeps the shaft from moving along the axis. The other two bushings are made of cast iron.
Pushers. The pushers themselves are made of steel. The working part of the pusher is spherical in shape with surfacing made of bleached cast iron.
Barbells are made of a steel rod, and the cup and the spherical working part of the rod that interacts with the pusher are hardened.
Valve rocker arms.
The rocker arms swing on an axle, which is attached to the cylinder cover with four studs. The axis is hollow, has 8 channels for supplying lubricant to the rocker arms. Spacer springs eliminate axial movement of the rocker arms.
Inlet and exhaust valves. Heat-resistant steel is used for manufacturing. The valves move in guides pressed into the cylinder head. Two springs, internal and external, close each valve by acting on a plate, which is fixed with crackers.
Sealing cuffs. To prevent oil from entering the cylinders and exhaust manifold through the gap in the valve guide, cuffs are installed for sealing.
D-243 engine systems
Let's consider the main systems that ensure the operation of a diesel engine, its components and mechanisms. Systems without which its operation is not possible.
The performance of the engine depends on the uninterrupted operation of each system. Malfunctions in any of the presented systems can lead to malfunctions and failure of individual components, or complete engine failure.
D-243 engine power supply system
Includes:
- High pressure fuel pump (HFP);
- Injectors;
- Fine and coarse filter;
- Air cleaners and intake manifold.
Injection pump.
The D-243 engine is equipped with a 4UTNI pump. All injection pumps operate from the crankshaft through timing gears. Such pumps are equipped with an all-mode regulator, two control levers and a booster piston pump.
The regulator adjusts the diesel supply. fuel. It also enriches the feed during start-up. The booster pump is located on the fuel injection pump housing; the cam shaft serves as its drive via an eccentric.
The injection pump parts are lubricated through a special channel with oil from the main line of the engine lubrication system.
Nozzle. Injects diesel fuel into the cylinder, and also clearly controls its beginning and end. Nozzles for injectors on D-243 diesel engines are used with five holes.
Fuel filters, fine and coarse cleaning. Rough cleaning is the preliminary filtration of fuel from water of various large inclusions and impurities. The filter includes a glass with a built-in damper, a reflector with a filter mesh, and a diffuser. Sludge is removed from the filter by opening the plug in the bottom of the filter housing.
The fine filter is designed for final cleaning of diesel fuel. Filtration occurs using a replaceable paper element. The sediment is removed from the filter through a plug in the bottom of the glass, and air is removed through a plug at the top of the filter.
Air cleaners and intake manifold. The air is cleaned in two stages: centrifugal air cleaning (dry) and an oil dust catcher with three shield-like nylon elements.
Engine lubrication system D-243
The lubrication system on the D-243 is combined. The crankshaft and camshaft bearings, the bushings of the intermediate gear and the injection pump drive gear, and the valve drive are supplied with lubricant under pressure. Using the oil spray method, parts of the crank mechanism (except for the crankshaft bearings) and elements of the gas distribution mechanism such as camshaft cams, rods, and pushers are lubricated.
Oil pump.
in the system gear, single-section. It is secured to the 1st main bearing cap with bolts. Through the pipe and channels in the block, the oil enters the centrifuge, where heavy impurities and wear products are removed. After the centrifuge, the oil is cooled in the radiator and then into the engine line.
The centrifuge body contains drain, pressure relief and safety valves. During a cold start, to avoid increased pressure, pressure reducing valve It lets the oil go directly into the line, bypassing the radiator.
Safety valve maintains a pressure in front of the centrifuge of 0.8 MPa. If there is excess pressure, some of the oil is discharged into the crankcase without cleaning.
Drain valve regulates the pressure in the system at 0.25-0.35 MPa. If this value is exceeded, excess oil is dumped into the crankcase.
Engine cooling system D-243
Liquid cooling, forced circulation, from a centrifugal pump. Temperature control is carried out remotely, using a sensor mounted in the cylinder head. The temperature of the liquid in the system should not go beyond 85-95 degrees.
Electrical equipment of the D-243 engine
Diesel D-243 is equipped with generators with 1 kW power and voltage of 14 or 28 volts. It works in parallel with the battery, recharging it during operation, and also powers all electricity consumers on the tractor or other equipment.
An electric starter is used to start the engine.
It is an electric motor running on direct current. The starter is started remotely using a switch and an electromagnetic relay.
Possible malfunctions of the D-243 engine
The engine does not start.
The fuel system is airy. Bleed the system with a booster piston pump installed on the injection pump. Check the system for leaks.
The fuel pump is faulty. Repair or replacement of fuel injection pump.
Diesel does not develop power.
The pump control lever does not reach the end. The injection pump control lever requires adjustment.
The fine filter is clogged. Change the filter element.
The injectors are not working properly. Find injectors that are not working, wash them, or better yet, install new nozzles.
The fuel supply advance angle is off. Adjust to desired value.
The air cleaner is clogged.
Unstable idle speed.
Air has entered the fuel system. Bleed the system, check for leaks.
The adjustment of the idle spring in the pump has gone wrong. The spring needs to be adjusted.
Diesel smokes a lot.
The air cleaner is clogged. Carry out maintenance of the air purifier.
The injector needle is stuck. Find the failed nozzle, replace the nozzle, and adjust the nozzle.
The fuel pump is faulty. Repair or replacement of fuel injection pump.
Diesel temperature is below normal.
Water got into the fuel. Replace diesel fuel.
The adjustment of the thermal clearance in the valves has gone wrong. Check and, if necessary, adjust the thermal clearance in the valves and rocker arms.
The fuel supply setting has gone wrong. Set to the desired advance angle.
Excess engine oil. Remove excess oil, set the level to the upper line of the dipstick.
Engine overheating.
Coolant is boiling in the radiator. Clean the radiator grille from dirt. Remove scale from the system. Check the tension of the fan belt.
When the engine is warm, the oil pressure is below normal.
The pressure sensor has failed. Replace if necessary.
The oil line seal is broken. Check the oil line for leaks. If found, fix the leak.
Oil pump problem. Find the fault and carry out repairs.
The oil in the crankcase is below the minimum level. Check the level and add to normal if necessary.
Malfunction of the drain valve, possible jamming. Wash the valve and adjust the pressure in the system.
Excessive wear of the bearing in the crankshaft journal. Carry out a bowel movement, grind the crankshaft journals if necessary, and replace the bearings.
The D243 engine is a representative diesel engine for tractors and heavy-duty vehicles. This is a four-stroke engine with a vertical cylinder arrangement and fuel injection into the cylinders themselves.
Specifications
Possessing high technical characteristics, the D-243 power unit was ideal for installation on tractors and trucks. The main use of the motors was on the MTZ-80 and MTZ-82 tractors. In this case, it was necessary to additionally equip the power unit with a water and oil radiator.
Projections of the D243 engine
Let's consider the main technical characteristics of the motor:
D243 engine drawing
Maintenance and oil change
The D-243 engine does not have significant differences from the 240 model. Engine maintenance is carried out every 20-25 thousand kilometers.
Scheduled maintenance of an internal combustion engine is a set of operations aimed at preserving the primary condition of the units and parts of the unit.
D243 on a Belarus tractor
According to the repair and operation manual for the D series motor compiled by the manufacturer, we will consider what operations are included in the maintenance of the 243rd:
- Change of oil.
- Replacing filters. So, depending on the engine modification, the following filter elements may or may not be present: a fine and coarse oil filter, a filter element for coarse and fine fuel purification, an air filter, an eco-filter for exhaust.
- Cleaning the injectors.
- Adjustments related to the high pressure fuel pump.
- Other operations aimed at maintaining the power unit.
Engine D243 after major overhaul
Servicing a high-pressure fuel pump is a separate set of operations that can only be done efficiently by specialists in the repair of fuel equipment for diesel engines.
Oil change
Changing the oil and oil filter is carried out quite typically for all models of MMZ power units marked D. The process itself is not particularly different from other diesel engines. Let's consider the main aspects of maintenance.
- Unscrew the drain plug on the oil pan. Do not forget to install a container where the liquid will be drained.
- After the oil has drained, you need to tighten the drain plug.
- We change the fine and coarse oil filters.
- Fill in new engine lubricant.
- After warming up, you need to check the lubricant level in the engine. If necessary, fill in the missing amount.
Cylinder head D243
Features of in-line and overhaul repairs
Repairing the D-243 engine is a whole range of operations to restore the performance of the engine, which is not recommended to be done with your own hands. So, it’s worth turning to professionals who can correctly diagnose faults and wear, as well as which internal element needs to be replaced.
Let's consider the main set of operations that are carried out for the D-243 engine in order to carry out a major overhaul of the engine:
- Superficial diagnostics of faults is carried out by ear. The mechanic determines the presence of extraneous noise, as well as the preliminary location.
- Removing the engine from the car, as well as completely disassembling the power unit.
- Measurements of cylinders and crankshaft. Determining the repair number, as well as ordering spare parts. As practice shows, in most cases, in order not to bore the engine cylinders, the block is sleeved. This parameter allows, in case of subsequent repairs, to bore not the block, but the sleeves, which, when worn, can be removed and new ones inserted.
- Cylinder head repair.
- Assembly of the power unit.
A separate parameter is the restoration of the injection pump. As practice shows, the technician repairs only the plunger pair, which wears out most often.
D243 engine on an excavator
As for on-line repair operations, every owner of a car with a D243 engine has sufficient skills and knowledge to restore their engine on their own, the main thing is that the hand grows from the right place. The most common problems include:
- Starter and generator malfunction.
- Failure of the water pump.
- Replacing drive belts.
- Adjusting the valve mechanism.
- Change of oil.
- Replacing engine filters.
Repair instructions for each unit are available on the Internet or you can use factory books that are publicly available.
Conclusion
The D-243 engine is widely used on MTZ (80/82) tractors, as well as TTZ and the EO 3323A excavator. In the factory configuration, the engine is equipped with a 12-volt starter, 14-volt generator, pneumatic compressor (A29.05.000-B or A29.05.000-B3A), gear pump 10Zh-3-04L, fuel pump 4UTNI-1111007-420, clutch 240-1005009.
Diesel D-243 from the Minsk Motor Plant is considered one of the most popular engines. Since 1974, production of the popular MTZ-80/82 tractors began, which are still being created today. Over time, diesel engines began to be used for vehicles, representing the main power unit of Belarusian tractors. The high technical characteristics of the D-243 engine became a prerequisite for the production of a whole line of engines with different configurations.
Scope of application of devices
The motor is easy to operate, unpretentious, and does not cause difficulties in maintenance. Due to their versatility and advantages, the engines are widely used. Currently they are installed in the following types of machines:
- Tractor TTZ-80.10 from the Tashkent plant;
- Tractors MTZ 80/82 and modern modifications;
- Loader TO-18B JSC made in Belarus;
- Excavator EO-3323A from the Tver plant;
- Diesel power stations AD-12/16/20/30.
This modification has the same scope of application as other varieties of this diesel engine.
Technical equipment of a diesel unit
The engine is equipped with 4 strokes. The cylinders are arranged vertically in a row, and fuel is injected directly into them. Technical characteristics of MMZ D-243 are presented in the table.
| Characteristics | Indicators |
| Number of cylinders | 4 |
| Cylinder firing order | 1 – 3 – 4 – 2 |
| Cylinder diameter | 11 cm |
| Distance between low and high piston positions | 12.5 cm |
| Engine power | 59.6 kW |
| Working volume | 4.75 l |
| Minimum number of revolutions | 600 rotations per minute |
| Most spins | 2380 rpm |
| Fuel consumption | 226 g/kWh |
| Oil consumption during warranty service | Amounts to 1.1% relative to fuel |
| Rotation | Right |
| Dry loaded weight of the motor | 430 – 490 kg |
The use of the MMZ D-243 diesel engine is relevant in places with temperatures of -45 - +40 and full ventilation.
Components of a diesel engine
The D-243 design has traditional equipment. The base is represented by a cylinder block made of cast iron. The block head and elements of the gas distribution system are made from the same material.
Cylinder block
Represents the basis of the device design. It is made of cast iron and has 4 holes for fixing the cylinders. Installation is carried out using sleeves, which are fixed in the upper landing belt. The lower part of the elements is mounted with special rubber rings. There is free space between the cylinder block and the liner in which the coolant moves.
The block has channels for supplying lubricant to the bearings. On the outside of the device there are planes designed for fixing various devices: water pump, filters and others.
Diesel mechanism head
It is an integral element of the D-243 diesel engine, cast from cast iron. The part ensures the full functioning of the fuel and gas distribution system. The head has channels that provide fresh air flow and exhaust gas removal. The holes are closed with special valves.
At the top there are rocker arms, a cap that covers the valves, and a suction manifold. The injectors are located next to the injection pump. On the opposite side is the exhaust manifold.
Main mechanisms of a diesel engine
To ensure normal operation of the D-243 engine, two elements are required.
The crank mechanism of the motor includes the following parts:
- Crankshaft. Made from steel, sealed with cuffs on both sides. The oil pump drives, generator pulley and other parts are attached to the shaft.
- Pistons. Made from aluminum. The pistons have grooves into which 3 compression rings and 1 oil scraper ring are mounted.
- Connecting rods. Steel parts with a pressed bushing on the head and channels for oil to enter the pistons.
- Main and connecting rod bearings. For the D-243 diesel engine, liners with two different sizes are selected.
- Flywheel. A cast iron element that is fixed to the crankshaft flange.
The gas distribution mechanism consists of the following parts:
- Camshaft. It is installed on the crankshaft and has 3 bushings that act as bearings.
- Pushers. Steel elements with a working part made of bleached cast iron.
- Barbells. Interact with pushers. Steel rods are used in their production.
- Valve rocker arms. In the gas distribution mechanism of a diesel engine, they swing on an axle and are fixed to the cylinders with 4 studs.
- Exhaust and intake valves. Made of heat-resistant steel, closed with springs.
- Sealing cuffs. Prevent oil from entering the exhaust manifold and cylinders.
Basic engine systems
Thanks to 3 main systems, the MMZ D-243 diesel engine carries out its work. The performance of the motor depends on each of them.
Nutrition
Consists of several components:
- Fuel pump (fuel injection pump). It operates from the crankshaft using timing gears, is equipped with a pair of levers and an all-mode regulator.
- Nozzle. Injects diesel fuel into the cylinder. The injectors have 5 holes.
- Fuel filters. Carry out coarse and fine cleaning of fuel.
- Air purifiers. Air purification occurs using centrifugal force and an oil dust collector.
Lubrication system
The diesel engine uses a combined lubrication system. The lubricant is supplied to the engine parts under pressure. Using spraying, the elements of the crank mechanism and other systems are lubricated.
The D-243 uses a gear oil pump with one section. It is bolted to the front main bearing cap. Optimal pressure levels are maintained by a safety valve. The drain valve regulates pressure by dumping excess oil into the crankcase.
Cooling system
The diesel engine is cooled by force using a centrifugal pump. The optimal temperature is adjusted remotely using a special sensor built into the cylinder head.
Normal temperature readings are 85 – 95 degrees.
The D-243 diesel engine is a powerful, productive equipment that is installed in modern tractors, loaders, and excavators. Before starting work, the new engine must be run-in, first at idle (5 minutes), then with a load that gradually increases (30 hours). During operation, it is important to avoid overloading the engine. Maintenance is carried out in accordance with the regulations.
Introduction ..................................................... ........................................................ ........................................ |
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Purpose, design, principle of operation of the diesel engine power system |
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D-243 .................................................... ........................................................ ........................................... |
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Diesel engine power system diagram D-243 .................................................... ...... |
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Purpose, design, operating principle of a high pressure fuel pump..10 |
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The procedure for adjusting the amount of supply and the moment when fuel supply starts |
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engine ................................................. ........................................................ ........................... |
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Malfunctions that occur during operation of the engine power system, |
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elimination procedure............................................................................................................... |
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Maintenance of the power supply system of the D-243 diesel engine ................. |
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Safety precautions during work.................................................................. |
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Introduction
The D-243 diesel engine is a 4-stroke piston four-cylinder, with an in-line vertical cylinder arrangement, liquid cooling, with free air intake, direct injection of diesel fuel and compression ignition. Without turbocharging.
The engine is designed for operation at ambient temperatures from +40 to -44 °C and is intended for installation on tractors MTZ-80, MTZ-82,
TTZ; excavator EO-3323A; agricultural, forestry and industrial machines, as well as for completing diesel power plants AD-12, AD-
16, AD-20, AD-30
The area of application of diesel engines is places with unlimited air exchange.
Diesels D-243 (Fig. 1) are the basic models. Their modifications differ from the basic model in power adjustment, completeness, starting system, and design of some parts.
Depending on the purpose, diesel engines can be equipped with additional assembly units: a pneumatic compressor, a gear power steering pump with a drive, and clutch disc assemblies.
Diesels are started by an electric starter or a starter motor. The brand of diesel engine starting from a starting engine has the letter “L” (for example: D-243L).
Dimensions:
Rice. 1 - Diesel D-243 (right view).
Rice. 2. Diesel D-243 L (left view).
Technical characteristics of diesel engine D-243
Specific fuel consumption, g/kW (g/hp/h) Power, kW (hp)
Rotation speed, rpm.
Maximum torque, Nm (kgm)
Rotation speed at maximum torque, rpm.
Weight, kg
Starting device
Generator: Pneumatic compressor: Gear pump: Fuel pump: Water pump: Oil pump: Clutch:
or ST-142M
G9695.3701-01 (14V) A29.05.000-BZA NSh 10Zh-3-04l
Fuel injection pump 4UTNI-1111007- 420 240-1307010-A1 245-1403010
Purpose, design, operating principle of the D-243 diesel engine power supply system
A diesel engine, in accordance with Figure 3, consists of a cylinder block, a cylinder head, a crank mechanism, a gas distribution mechanism, as well as components and assemblies of power systems, lubrication, cooling, starting and electrical equipment.
Rice. 3. Diesel D-243 (longitudinal section):
1 - oil pump; 2 - fan; 3 - water pump; 4 - piston pin; 5 - connecting rod; 6 - cap; 7 - piston; 8 - cylinder liner; 9 - cylinder head cover; 10 - cylinder head; 11 - cylinder block; 12 - flywheel; 13 - counterweight; 14 - crankshaft; 15 - oil receiver.
The diesel power system, in accordance with Figure 4, consists of a fuel pump, injectors, low and high pressure pipelines, an air cleaner, intake and exhaust manifolds, coarse and fine fuel filters, and a fuel tank installed on the tractor (machine).
On the D-245 diesel engine and its modifications, the power system includes a turbocharger
Fig.4. Diesel D-243 power supply diagram:
1 - fuel tank; 2 - fuel coarse filter; 3 - fuel pipes; 4 - fuel pump; 5 - high pressure fuel pipe; 6 - fine fuel filter; 7 - air cleaner; 8 - coarse air filter; 9 - electric torch heater; 10 - intake manifold; 11 - muffler; 12 - exhaust manifold; 13 - nozzle.
The D-243 diesel engine and its modifications are equipped with a 4UTNI high-pressure fuel pump.
All pump models are driven from the diesel crankshaft through timing gears. Fuel pumps have an all-mode regulator and a piston-type booster pump, two control levers.
The pump regulator houses a fuel supply corrector, an automatic fuel enricher (at starting speed), and the 4UTNI-T fuel pump, in addition, has a pneumatic smoke limiter (pneumatic corrector).
The booster pump is mounted on the high-pressure pump housing and is driven by the camshaft eccentric.
The working parts of fuel pumps are lubricated with flowing oil coming from the diesel lubrication system into the pump housing through a special hole in the flange. Oil is drained from the pump housing into the diesel crankcase through a special drilling in the flange.
When installing a new or repaired pump on a diesel engine, it is necessary to fill it with 200...250 cm3 of oil used to lubricate the diesel engine through the oil filler hole on the regulator cover.
The injector is designed to inject fuel into a diesel cylinder. It provides the necessary fuel atomization and limits the beginning and end of the supply. On diesel engines, an injector with a five-hole closed type nozzle 171.1112010-02 (ZAO AZPI) is used.
The nozzle 171.1112010-02 and the sprayer (AZPI) are marked “171-02”. Markings are applied to the nozzle body and the spray body.
The coarse filter is used to pre-clean fuel from mechanical impurities and water.
The coarse filter consists of a housing, a reflector with a mesh, a diffuser, and a glass with a damper.
The sludge is drained from the filter through a hole in the bottom of the glass, closed with a stopper.
The fine filter is used for final fuel purification. The fine filter has a replaceable paper element.
The fuel, passing through the curtains of the paper filter element, is cleaned of mechanical impurities. At the bottom of the filter housing there is a hole with a plug for draining sediment.
To remove air from the power system, there is a special plug on the filter cover.
The air cleaner is used to clean the air sucked into the cylinders.
Combined diesel air cleaner: dry centrifugal cleaning and oil dust collector with wet nylon filter. The air cleaner housing contains three filter elements made of nylon bristles of different diameters.
The D-245 diesel engine and its modifications also provide for the use of an air cleaner installed by the consumer, consisting of a main and control paper filter cartridges.
On all diesel engines starting from an electric starter, an electric torch heater is installed in the intake manifold, which serves to heat the air sucked into the cylinders in order to facilitate starting the diesel engine at low ambient temperatures.
Diesel engine power supply system diagram D-243
Purpose, design, principle of operation of the high pressure fuel pump
The D-243 diesel engine and its modifications are equipped with a 4UTNI high-pressure fuel pump. (see Fig. 5)
The injection pump supplies the required portions of fuel through the nozzles into the combustion chamber at strictly defined moments. According to the principle of operation, fuel pumps used on diesel engines are of the spool type with a constant stroke of the plunger and regulation of the end of the fuel supply. The number of fuel pump sections corresponds to the number of engine cylinders. Each section serves one cylinder.
The fuel pump (high pressure pump) is used to supply precisely measured portions of fuel into the engine cylinders at a certain moment and under high pressure.
There are two types of fuel pumps installed on diesel engines: in-line type TN and distribution type ND. Let's decipher, for example, the brand of pump 4UTNM. modernized four-plunger universal in-line fuel pump. The pump brand ND-21/2-4 means that the diesel pump is of a distribution type, single-section (21), for two
Four cylinders. The pump brand ND-22/b means that the pump is a diesel distribution type, two-section (22), for six cylinders.
The most popular Belarusian-made car is, of course, But in all countries of the post-Soviet space, the products that gave humanity the D-243 are highly valued - an engine distinguished by power, reliability, unpretentiousness and versatility.
Diesel engine D-243
D-243 is an engine that is a diesel power plant with an in-line arrangement of cylinders (a total of four cylinders are installed in the engine). A mechanical governor is used to control the crankshaft speed. Cooling is traditionally liquid, without supercharging.
It has earned most of its popularity due to its unpretentiousness. The engine is capable of running on low-quality fuel at ambient temperatures from +44 to - 44 degrees Celsius.
The main purpose of the power units is installation on tractors with a traction class of 14-20 kN. Most often, they are equipped with agricultural or industrial equipment, as well as forestry machines.
But often highly specialized machines (AD series power plants, PD diesel drives and pumping units) also include D-243 units. In this case, engines must be provided with one condition - to operate in an area with unlimited air exchange.
Specifications
Only in this case will the D-243 engine, the characteristics of which are presented below, realize all its capabilities.
- The method of forming the mixture is direct fuel injection.
- The number of working cylinders is four, in-line arrangement.
- The working volume of the cylinders is 4.75 liters.
- Operating power - 59.6 kW.
- Maximum torque - 258 N*m.
- Compression ratio - 16 units.
- Total weight 430 kg.
In this case, the crankshaft at idle can only rotate at a frequency of 2380 rpm, because it is limited by the regulator.
Performance indicators
In addition to technical characteristics, operational indicators also characterize the D-243 installations. The engine produces the following standards during operation:
- fuel consumption when operating at 100% power and at a rotation speed of 1500 rpm - 220 g/kWh;
- engine oil consumption for “combustion” - 0.9 g/kW*h; at 100% load - no more than 0.2 liters per hour;
- type of motor oil used - CI-4 class according to AP"I or E3-96, 4-99, 5-02 class according to AS"EA;
- type of antifreeze - low-freezing coolant “TS-40” or “TS-65”.
The engines are started either by an electric starter or by a pre-starting power unit. In the latter case, the letter “L” is added to the name.
Depending on the purpose of the tractor on which the motor is installed, the installation can be equipped with additional equipment - pneumatic compressors, assemblies and other units. This must be taken into account when carrying out maintenance, and then the D-243 engine will not require repairs.
