Types of vehicles. Vehicles: classification

ENGINE

GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1. General structure of the car

A car is a complex mechanism consisting of various systems and mechanisms. There are many different makes and models of cars, but every car is made up of three main parts: the body, the engine, and the chassis.

Body serves to accommodate transported cargo. In cars and buses, there are usually passengers and a driver in the back. The truck body consists of a cargo platform and a driver's cabin.

Engine- a machine that converts the thermal energy of fuel into mechanical work.

Chassis consists of a transmission, supporting system, axles, suspension, wheels and control mechanisms.

In Fig. Figure 1.1 shows the device of the KamAZ-5320 vehicle.

The torque generated by the engine is transmitted through the transmission to the drive wheels of the vehicle.

Part transmissions includes: clutch, gearbox, cardan drive, main gear, which is installed in the drive axle housings, where the differential and axle shafts are located, through which torque from the main gear is supplied to the drive wheels.

On all-wheel drive vehicles, where all wheels are driven, a transfer case is installed between the gearbox and the final drive.

Support system is the base of the entire car, it includes the frame or body (passenger car).


Rice. 1.1. Structure of the KamAZ-5320 vehicle: 1 - engine; 2 - clutch; 3 - Transmission; 4 - cardan transmission; 5 - middle bridge; 6 - frame; 7- rear suspension; 8 - rear driving axle; 9 - platform with folding sides; 10 - rear drive wheels; 11 - brake system cylinders; 12 - front steered wheels; 13 - steering; 14 - cabin

Wheels are installed on bridges, which through suspension connected to the frame. The combination of these elements is called the chassis.

Control system consists of steering mechanisms and braking systems.

The relative position of the engine, transmission mechanisms, cabin and cargo platform, i.e., the layout of the vehicle, can be very diverse.



Classification of road transport

A combination of a car and a trailer or semi-trailer towed by it is called by road train.

Road transport is divided into freight, passenger and special.

Freight transport includes trucks, tractor-trailers, trailers and semi-trailers.

Passenger vehicles include cars, buses, passenger trailers and semi-trailers.

Cars with a seating capacity of up to eight people (including the driver) are classified as cars, and vehicles with a capacity of up to eight people are classified as buses.

Special vehicles include cars, trailers and semi-trailers for non-transport work, equipped with appropriate equipment - street cleaning vehicles, fire engines, truck cranes, etc. The use of trailers allows you to increase the productivity of transport work and reduce the cost of transportation. Trailed vehicles include trailers, semi-trailers and trailers.

Single-axle trailers (Fig. 1.2, A) connected to the vehicle using a drawbar. When storing a trailer, front and rear supports are used.

From a two-axle trailer (Fig. 1.2, b) vertical loads are not transferred to the vehicle.

Trailers-dissolution (Fig. 1.2, V) used for transportation of long cargo. They have a swivel horseman 3, which is a supporting rotating beam that ensures correct placement of the load.

Drawbar 2 The dissolution trailer is sliding, which allows you to transport loads of various lengths.

Semi-trailers (Fig. 1.2, G) the front part rests on the fifth wheel of the car, which is located on the frame instead of the body. Such vehicles are called tractor-trailers. Part of the load from the weight of the semi-trailer and the weight of the cargo it transports is distributed onto the frame of the truck tractor. The semi-trailer, disconnected from the tractor, rests on a support support 4.



G)

Rice. 1.2. Types of trailed vehicles: A- single-axle trailer; b- two-axle trailer; V- trailer-dissolution; G - semitrailer; 1 - stand; 2 - drawbar; 3 - turning horseman; 4 - rack

The designation of domestic rolling stock consists of the name of the manufacturer and four-digit numbers, where the first digit indicates the class of the vehicle, the second - the type of vehicle, and the last two - the serial number of the vehicle model.

Types of cars and their designations:

1 - passenger cars;

2 - buses;

3 - cargo;

4 - tractors;

5 - dump trucks;

6 - tanks;

7 - vans;

8 - reserve;

9 - special.

Passenger cars are divided into five classes depending on their working volume engine:

Class Engine displacement, l

Extra small...................................Up to 1,099

Small........................................ 1.1 -1.799

Average................................... 1.8-3.499

Large........................................ 3.5 or more

Higher................................... Not regulated

Buses are divided into five classes depending on length:

Class Length, m

Extra small...................................Up to 5

Small........................................ 6-7 ,5

Average........................................ 8.5-10

Large......................................... 11-12

Extra large................................... 16.5-24

Trucks, trailers and semi-trailers, depending on their gross weight (in tons), are divided into the following classes: less than 1.2; 1.2-2; 2-8; 8-14; 14-20; 20-40; more than 40 t.

Table 1.1 illustrates the digital classification of domestic cars.

The fifth digit in the designation is a modification of the base model. A sixth character is added to the designation of export-version machines: the number 6 is assigned to the export version, and 7 to the tropical version.

For trailers, semi-trailers and dissolutions the following classes are provided: 8 - trailers; 9 - semi-trailers and dissolutions. The type is indicated by the second number, which corresponds to the type of vehicle, for example, 1 - trailer or semi-trailer for cars, 2 - for buses, etc.


Table 1.1. Indices of automobile rolling stock depending on class

Cars Buses Trucks
Engine displacement, l Index Length, m Index Gross weight, t with flatbed tractor units dump trucks tanks vans special
Up to 1,099 Up to 5 Up to 1.2
1,1-1,799 6-7,5 1,2-2
1,8-3,499 8-10 2-8
Over 3.5 11-12 8-14
16,5-24 14-20
20-40
Over 40

The third and fourth digits of the designation of trailers and semi-trailers determine the model depending on their total weight and represent a series of numbers (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2. Digital designation of trailers, semi-trailers, dissolutions depending on their total weight

Examples of car designations:

KamAZ-5320 - a truck produced by the Kama Automobile Plant, gross weight 15,305 kg, model 20;

KamAZ-5511 - dump truck, gross weight 19,000 kg, model 11;

VAZ-21036 - a passenger car, engine displacement 1.3 liters, produced by the Volzhsky Automobile Plant, with controls located on the right;

OdAZ-99871 - semi-trailer van of the Odessa Automobile Assembly Plant with an all-metal body, gross weight 29.2 tons.

For children - a fascinating, interesting topic that introduces their classification, telling about the features and purpose of each variety. At the same time, the task of parents or teachers is not only to conduct a conversation, but also to consolidate the information received through various games.

Why children need to know about transport

The full development of children is carried out through acquaintance with the world around them. The following questions are interesting for children: what kind of transport is there, why do people need it. Familiarization of preschoolers with transport classification forms in them new knowledge about various types, their characteristics, purpose, enriches their vocabulary, and consolidates the generic concept of “transport”. In addition, a detailed consideration of this topic allows you to learn the following:

  • compare different types of transport; it is important for children to be able to find common and distinctive features;
  • combine them into groups on common grounds, classify them;
  • learn the rules of behavior in various types of transport.

Studying new material contributes to the formation of personal qualities of preschoolers: criticality, responsibility, thinking, memory, speed of reaction, imagination develop.

Transport classification

All transport is classified on different grounds: method of transportation and purpose.

According to the method of movement, the following types are distinguished:

  • ground - movement occurs exclusively on the ground or rails (bus, trolleybus, train);
  • water - moves along the sea or river (motor ship, boat, barge);
  • aviation - flies through the air (plane, helicopter).

The following types of transport are distinguished by purpose:

  • passenger - transports people, delivers them to the right place (bus, water bus, plane);
  • horse-drawn - for transporting various goods (cart, barge);
  • special - used in a specific activity, equipped with professional equipment (fire truck, ambulance, police car);
  • agricultural - used in preparing arable land, harvesting and similar work (tractor, combine).

Characteristics of ground transport

Ground transport moves on the ground using wheels, rails, animals, and tracks. Can be passenger, cargo or specialized. Here it is necessary to describe the following main types of transport for children:

  • Bus - carries passengers, delivers them to the desired point in the city, has a strict route and special places for stops where people pick up and drop off. The same function is performed by the trolleybus and tram, which differ from the bus in that they run on electricity rather than gasoline, and in addition, the tram runs on rails.
  • Train is a railway transport that moves on rails, can be both passenger and freight, and carries out transportation between cities and villages.
  • Fire truck - used to extinguish fire, equipped with special equipment, and has a sound signal that warns other drivers of its approach.
  • Ambulance - designed to transport sick people, it has all the necessary equipment to deliver the patient to the hospital in satisfactory condition. Like a fire truck, it has a special flashing light and a sound signal, notifying that an ambulance needs to be let through.
  • Police car - used to patrol roads and catch criminals. The car is equipped with a powerful engine that allows you to develop good speed, which is so important when chasing.
  • Truck - designed for transporting various cargoes: food, construction, household goods and many others. It may have yellow warning lights indicating that the car is carrying dangerous luggage.

Transport can also be underground, for example, the metro delivers passengers to their destination, like a bus or tram.

Features of water transport

Considering different types of transport, water transport, moving along the sea, lake or river, will also be interesting for children. Like ground transport, this transport can be passenger or cargo:

  • Motor ship - can transport people to their destination or be used as a pleasure boat on the river, introducing residents to the picturesque places of the water. A steamship performs the same functions as a motor ship; the main differences between these ships are their technical characteristics.
  • The boat has various purposes: it is used as a rescue vessel, for walking on a pond, for conducting excursions.
  • Barge - used to transport various goods. It is characterized by convenience, speed of delivery, and cost-effectiveness.

Aviation transport, its characteristics

Air transport moves through the air, and can transport passengers, cargo, participate in rescue operations or extinguish forest fires. The most interesting types of transport for children will be:

  • An airplane - depending on its size and purpose, it can perform various functions: transport people and various cargoes, cultivate fields, put out fires in the forest, participate in military operations.
  • Helicopter - rises into the air with the help of special blades that spin quite strongly. This type of transport can also be passenger, cargo or military.
  • An airship - its feature is the development of a relatively low speed and rise to a low altitude; it is used for tourism, in rescue operations, and for patrolling the area.

Games for children

To better remember types of transport, it is worth organizing a variety of games for children, including the following:

  • Riddles will help you identify distinctive features, classify vehicles, and also develop logic, thinking, and intelligence.
  • Outdoor game “Find my house” - children are given cards with any type of transport, houses are determined for them: for air - an airfield, for land - a garage, for water - a pier. The task of preschoolers is to stand near the desired base after the signal.
  • Puzzles - pictures of an airplane, train, bus, ship cut into small pieces - are mixed, children are asked to find the necessary elements, assemble the picture and say what is shown on it and what it is used for.
  • Game "Modes of Transport". Various roles are prepared for children - passengers, driver, captain, pilot. Ship managers recruit passengers whose task is to demonstrate correct and incorrect behavior on a bus, on a ship or on an airplane.

Thus, by receiving information about types of transport, children learn about their features, distinctive features, become familiar with the rules of behavior in them, and enrich their vocabulary.

– this is the distribution of various cars into groups, classes and categories. Depending on the type of design, parameters of the power unit, purpose or features that certain vehicles have, the classification provides for several such categories.

Classification by purpose

Vehicles vary in their purpose. Passenger and trucks, as well as special-purpose vehicles can be distinguished.

If everything is very clear with passenger and cargo cars, then special vehicles are not intended for transporting people and goods. Such vehicles transport equipment that is attached to them. Thus, such means include fire trucks, aerial platforms, truck cranes, mobile benches and other vehicles equipped with one or another equipment.

If a passenger car can accommodate up to 8 people without a driver, then it is classified as a passenger car. If the vehicle capacity is more than 8 people, then this type of vehicle is a bus.

The transporter can be used for general purpose or for transporting special cargo. General purpose vehicles have a body with sides without a tipping device. They can also be equipped with an awning and arches for installation.

Special-purpose trucks have various technical capabilities in their design for transporting certain goods. For example, the panel carrier is optimized for convenient transportation of panels and building slabs. The dump truck is used for mainly bulk cargo. The fuel tanker is designed for light petroleum products.

Trailers, semi-trailers, spreader trailers

Any vehicle can be used with additional equipment. These can be trailers, semi-trailers or dissolutions.

A trailer is one of the types of vehicles used without a driver. Its movement is carried out by means of a car using towing.

A semi-trailer is a towed vehicle without driver participation. Part of its mass is given to the towing vehicle.

The spreader trailer is designed for transporting long loads. The design includes a drawbar, the length of which may change during operation.

The vehicle doing the towing is called a tractor. This car is equipped with a special device that allows you to couple the car and any trailer. In another way, this design is called a saddle, and the tractor is called a truck tractor. However, the tractor unit is in a separate category of vehicles.

Indexing and types

Previously, in the USSR, each vehicle model had its own index. It designated the plant where the car was produced.

In 1966, the so-called industry standard OH 025270-66 “Classification and designation system for automotive rolling stock, as well as its units and components” was adopted. This document not only made it possible to classify types of vehicles. Based on this provision, trailers and other equipment were also classified.

According to this system, all vehicles whose classification was described in this document had four, five or six digits in their index. Using them, it was possible to determine vehicle categories.

Decoding digital indices

By the second digit one could find out the type of vehicle. 1 – passenger vehicle, 2 – bus, 3 – general purpose truck, 4 – truck tractor, 5 – dump truck, 6 – tank, 7 – van, 9 – special purpose vehicle.

As for the first digit, it indicated the vehicle class. For example, passenger vehicles, classified by engine size. Trucks are divided into classes based on weight. Buses were differentiated by length.

Classification of passenger vehicles

According to the industry standard, passenger wheeled vehicles were classified as follows.

  • 1 – especially small class, engine volume was up to 1.2 liters;
  • 2 – small class, volume from 1.3 to 1.8 l;
  • 3 – middle class cars, engine capacity from 1.9 to 3.5 liters;
  • 4 – large class with a volume above 3.5 l;
  • 5 – the highest class of passenger vehicles.

Today, the industry standard is no longer mandatory, and many factories do not adhere to it. However, domestic auto manufacturers still use this indexation.

Sometimes you can find vehicles whose classification does not fit the first digit in the model. This means that the index was assigned to the model at the development stage, and then something changed in the design, but the number remained.

Foreign cars and their classification system

The indices of foreign cars that were imported into our country were not included in the list of vehicles according to the accepted norm. Therefore, the Certification System for Motor Vehicles was introduced in 1992, and its modified version has been in effect since October 1, 1998.

For all types of vehicles that came into circulation in our country, it was necessary to draw up a special document called “Vehicle Type Approval.” It followed from the document that each vehicle must have its own separate brand.

To simplify the certification procedure in the Russian Federation, they use the so-called International Classification System. In accordance with it, any road vehicle can be classified into one of the groups - L, M, N, O. There are no other designations.

Categories of vehicles according to the international system

Group L includes any vehicles with fewer than four wheels, as well as ATVs:

  • L1 is a moped or vehicle with two wheels that can reach a maximum speed of 50 km/h. If the vehicle has an internal combustion engine, its volume should not exceed 50 cm³. If an electric motor is used as a power unit, then the power ratings must be less than 4 kW;
  • L2 – three-wheeled moped, as well as any vehicle with three wheels, the speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, and the engine capacity is 50 cm³;
  • L3 is a motorcycle with a volume of more than 50 cm³. Its maximum speed is higher than 50 km/h;
  • L4 – a motorcycle equipped with a sidecar for carrying a passenger;
  • L5 – tricycles whose speed exceeds 50 km/h;
  • The L6 is a lightweight quad bike. The weight of the equipped vehicle must not exceed 350 kg; Maximum speed no more than 50 km/h;
  • L7 is a full-fledged quad bike with a weight of up to 400 kg.

  • M1 is a vehicle for transporting passengers with no more than 8 seats;
  • M2 – vehicle with more than eight seats for passengers;
  • M3 – vehicle with more than 8 seats and weighing up to 5 tons;
  • M4 is a vehicle with more than eight seats and a weight of over 5 tons.
  • N1 – trucks weighing up to 3.5 tons;
  • N2 – vehicles weighing from 3.5 to 12 tons;
  • N3 – vehicles weighing more than 12 tons.

Classification of vehicles according to the European Convention

In 1968, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted in Austria. The classification provided in this document is used to designate different categories of transport.

Types of vehicles under the Convention

It includes several categories:

  • A – these are motorcycles and other two-wheeled motorized equipment;
  • B – cars with a weight of up to 3500 kg and a number of seats of no more than eight;
  • C – all vehicles, except those belonging to category D. Weight must be more than 3500 kg;
  • D – passenger transport with more than 8 seats;
  • E - freight transport, tractors.

Category E allows drivers to drive road trains that consist of a tractor. You can also include here any vehicles of classification B, C, D. These vehicles can operate as part of a road train. This category is assigned to drivers along with other categories, and it is added when registering the car in the vehicle certificate.

Unofficial European classification

In addition to the official classification, there is also an unofficial one, which is used quite widely. It is quite popular among vehicle owners. Here we can distinguish categories depending on the design of vehicles: A, B, C, D, E, F. This classification is mainly used in reviews by automotive journalists for comparison and evaluation.

Class A contains small vehicles of low cost. F – these are the most expensive, very powerful and prestigious car brands. In between are classes of other types of machines. There are no clear boundaries here. This is a wide variety of passenger cars.

With the development of the auto industry, new cars are constantly being produced, which subsequently occupy their niches. With new developments, the classification is constantly expanding. It often happens that different models can occupy the boundaries of several classes, thereby forming a new class.

A striking example of this phenomenon is a parquet SUV. It is designed for paved roads.

VIN codes

In essence, this is a unique vehicle number. This code encrypts all information about the origin, manufacturer and technical characteristics of a particular model. Numbers can be found on many integral components and assemblies of machines. They are mainly located on the body, chassis elements or special nameplates.

Those who developed and implemented these numbers have introduced the simplest and most reliable method, which greatly simplifies the process of classifying cars. This number allows you to at least slightly protect cars from theft.

The code itself is not a jumble of letters and numbers. Each sign carries certain information. The cipher set is not very large; each code has 17 characters. These are mainly letters of the Latin alphabet and numbers. This cipher provides a position for a special check number, which is calculated based on the code itself.

The process of calculating the control number is a fairly powerful means of protection against interrupted numbers. It is not difficult to destroy numbers. But making a number so that it falls under the control number is a separate and quite complex task.

In conclusion, I would like to add that all self-respecting automakers use general rules for calculating the check digit. However, manufacturers from Russia, Japan and Korea do not adhere to such protection methods. By the way, using this code it is easy to find original spare parts for a particular model.

So, we found out what types of vehicles there are and looked at their detailed classification.

The concept of ground transport, its types

Transport plays an important role in the development of the economy of the Russian Federation. It ensures the development of industry, agriculture, capital construction and other areas of state activity. Transport activity is one of the guarantees for the implementation of the principles of freedom of movement of goods and services and free movement of citizens enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

In legal theory, it is customary to divide transport into five types - road, rail, air, sea and inland waterway transport. In some works you can find a statement that the type of transport includes the so-called “pipeline transport”. We cannot agree with this opinion. As stated in the draft Agreement on information interaction between member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the field of transport security, vehicles are devices intended for the transportation of individuals, cargo, luggage, hand luggage, personal belongings, animals or equipment. The following is a list of types of vehicles, among which the pipeline does not appear as one of the vehicles. Pumping oil, supplying gas, etc. through main pipelines are not subject to the provisions of Chapter 40 “Transportation” of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as any transport law.

It should be noted that the allocation of these five types of transport does not fully comply with the established regulatory provisions on their system. Thus, in the Federal Law “On Transport Safety”, along with five types of transport, electric urban ground passenger transport is also indicated (Article 1, Art. 1). To it the Charter of road transport and urban ground electric transport (clause 2, 1) and the Federal Law “On the organization of regular transportation of passengers and luggage by road transport and urban ground electric transport in the Russian Federation and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” (p.n. 13 and. I art. 3) include tram and trolleybus.

In addition, the Federal Law “On compulsory insurance of civil liability of a carrier for damage to life, health, property of passengers and on the procedure for compensation for such damage caused during the transportation of passengers by metro” identifies off-street transport for the transportation of passengers (passenger transport), which includes the metro, light metro, off-street tram and monorail transport (Article 3).

Thus, based on the provisions of the laws, there is reason to distinguish the following types of transport:

  • -automotive;
  • -railway;
  • -air;
  • -nautical;
  • -inland water;
  • -urban ground electric transport for transporting passengers;
  • - off-street transport for transporting passengers.

Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. As for road, rail, urban ground and electric transport, as well as off-street transport for the transport of passengers, taking into account the scope of their use, they are united by a common name - ground transport.

The last two types of transport included in its composition, taking into account the use of electric traction for transportation, as well as the restriction of its use only in urban conditions, can be united under the common name “urban electric transport”.

Unlike air and sea transport, land transport is characterized by the use of transport arteries created for it - roads and railways, tram tracks, subway tracks, monorail transport tracks (running beams of monorail transport systems). They must meet established requirements, be properly equipped, and ensure safe transportation. These transport arteries must be constantly maintained in good condition. For their operation, special rules have been adopted that must be strictly observed.

Road and rail transport, united by common features, have significant differences. Let's look at the main ones.

Road transport has high mobility and maneuverability, and optimal speed characteristics for transportation. It does not require significant costs for the creation of infrastructure, which differ from railway transport.

The advantage of road transport compared to rail is that only during road transport, as a rule, transport is delivered to the warehouse premises of the consignor for loading, and to the warehouse premises of the consignee for unloading. On other types of transport, including rail, the shipper delivers the cargo to the vehicle, and the consignee removes it from the carrier’s unloading site. This requires significant additional costs from them.

These features make it possible to actively use road transport along with other types in the haulage process.

As for railway transport, the scale of its participation in domestic and international transport is determined by a number of its advantages compared to other modes of transport, including road transport. This concerns the capabilities of railway transport, operating features, availability of infrastructure, etc.

Thus, it is distinguished by its ability to transport significant volumes of cargo over long distances. And although the speed of transportation by rail is significantly inferior to some types of transport (for example, air and road transport), this is compensated by such advantages as high transport capacity, versatility of use, regularity of transportation, and virtually invulnerability from weather conditions. The listed possibilities of railway transport dictate the policy of organizing domestic and international rail transportation along routes characterized by large flows of various cargoes, measured in billions of tons per year, and mass passenger traffic. Rail transport is one of the most environmentally friendly modes of transport.

The growth in the scale of transportation requires optimization of the activities of railway transport and improvement of its legal framework. This is also due to the ongoing reform of railway transport in the Russian Federation. Its corporatization made adjustments to the priorities for the development of railway legislation, consolidation of emerging legal relations in connection with the use of railway transport infrastructure, improvement of the norms establishing the functioning of public railway tracks and non-public railway tracks, as well as defining the contractual relations of the parties in connection with transportation, their responsibilities in connection with violation of obligations.

In the context of the growing trend of harmonization of domestic legal systems and the international source base, it is very relevant to analyze the norms governing the organization and implementation of domestic and international railway transportation, identifying directions and methods for unifying these norms.

The fundamental difference between urban electric transport and road and rail transport is, firstly, that it only transports passengers and, secondly, that the territory of its operation, as the name suggests, is limited to the city limits. In this regard, its main tasks are to ensure transportation safety and create comfortable conditions for passengers. Since urban electric transport is partially regulated by the Charter of Road Transport and Urban Ground Electric Transport (UATGNET), its activities are discussed in Section 2 “Legal regulation of road transport” of the monograph.

  • See: Civil law: textbook in 3 volumes. T. 2 / ed. A.P. Sergeeva. - M.: RG-Press, 2009. P. 512; Egiazarov V.A. Transport law: textbook. M: Justice-forms. 2004. P. 8.; Transport law: textbook / O.V. Sivakov, A.B. Novoseltsev, V.G. Ermolaev, Yu.B. Makovsky. - M.: Bylina. 2000. P. 9;
  • ‘ See: Morozov S.Yu. Transport law: textbook. M.: Wolter Kluwer.2010. P. 15.
  • Federal Law No. 16-FZ dated 02/09/2007.
  • Federal Law of June 14, 2012 No. 67-FZ.

Classification of transportation depending on the location of the points of departure and destination of goods and passengers and the modes of transport used for transportation. V. are distinguished: intra-farm (that is, within industrial and agricultural enterprises...

A form of insurance of homogeneous objects against their specific dangers and risks. Expresses the specific interests of policyholders related to the insurance protection of these objects. Each type of insurance usually requires the construction of an appropriate... ... Dictionary of business terms

Activities prohibited or limited in the Baikal natural area- types of activities that have a negative impact on the unique ecological system of Lake Baikal: a) chemical pollution of Lake Baikal or part of it, as well as its catchment area, associated with discharges and... ... Environmental law of Russia: dictionary of legal terms

Types of costs for the acquisition of inventories- actual costs for the acquisition of inventories include: amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller); amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to ... Encyclopedic dictionary-reference book for enterprise managers

A type of insurance is the insurance of specific homogeneous objects in a certain amount of insurance liability at the appropriate tariff rates. Insurance relations between the insurer and the policyholder are carried out by type... ... Wikipedia

Types of scales- 1. Types of scales 1.1. Truck scales Scales for weighing trackless vehicles, adapted for driving them over Source: GOST 29329 92: Scales for static weighing. General technical requirements...

Types of urban planning objects in Moscow- 16. Types of objects of urban planning activities in the city of Moscow: 1) territory of the city of Moscow, territories of administrative districts, districts of the city of Moscow; 2) elements of the functional planning structure of the territory of the city of Moscow; 3) objects... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

- ... Wikipedia

Specialized (from the Latin specialis special and species variety) include those types of transport that are focused on a specific range of goods or special conditions for the transportation of goods or passengers. III abroad is used... ... Wikipedia

A branch of economic geography that studies the territorial distribution of transport and transportation, its patterns, conditions and features of the development of transport as part of the territorial economic complexes of countries and regions in connection with ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

  • We go, we go, we go... Types of transport. Subject pictures, lesson notes, games, Nishcheva Natalia. The album contains subject pictures, printed didactic games, lesson notes, including pedagogical methods for introducing preschoolers to various types of...
  • Insects - Types of transport - Birds. Confused pictures. Tangled Pictures is a fun board game for young children, developed by experienced and qualified preschool teachers. The game promotes the development...