Operation of an internal combustion engine animation. Full engine cycle

Engine internal combustion is a device in which the chemical energy of a fuel is converted into useful mechanical work.

Despite the fact that internal combustion engines are a relatively imperfect type of thermal engine (bulky, loud noise, toxic emissions and the need for a system for their removal, a relatively short resource, the need for cooling of the lubricant, high complexity in design, manufacture and maintenance, a complex ignition system, a large number of wearing parts, high consumption fuel, etc.), due to its autonomy (the fuel used contains much more energy than the best electric batteries), internal combustion engines are very widespread, for example, in transport
ICE 16 valve 4 cylinder

Types of internal combustion engines

Piston internal combustion engine

Rotary internal combustion engine

Gas turbine internal combustion engine

Operation cycles of piston internal combustion engines

Piston internal combustion engines are classified according to the number of strokes in the operating cycle: two-stroke and four-stroke.

The operating cycle in piston internal combustion engines consists of five processes: intake, compression, combustion, expansion and exhaust. In an engine, the operating cycle can be carried out according to the following widely used scheme:

1. During the intake process, the piston moves from top dead points (v.m.t.) To bottom dead center(n.m.t.), and the vacated space above the piston cylinder is filled with a mixture of air and fuel. Due to the difference in pressure in the intake manifold and inside the engine cylinder, when the intake valve opens, the mixture enters (is sucked in) into the cylinder at a point in time called the intake valve opening angleφ a.

Air fuel mixture and combustion products (always remaining in the volume of the compression space from the previous cycle), mixing with each other, form a working mixture. Carefully cooked working mixture increases the efficiency of fuel combustion, so its preparation is given great attention in all types of piston engines.

Quantity air-fuel mixture, entering the cylinder during one working cycle is called a fresh charge, and the combustion products remaining in the cylinder by the time a fresh charge enters it are called residual gases.

To increase engine efficiency, they strive to increase the absolute value of the fresh charge and its weight fraction in the working mixture.

2. During the compression process, both valves are closed and the piston, moving from ground level. to e.m.t. and reducing the volume of the supra-piston cavity, compresses the working mixture (in general case working fluid). Compression of the working fluid accelerates the combustion process and thereby determines the possible complete use of the heat released when the fuel is burned in the cylinder.

Internal combustion engines are built with possible to a greater extent compression, which in cases of forced ignition of the mixture reaches a value of 10-12, and when using the principle of self-ignition of fuel is selected in the range of 14-22.

3. During the combustion process, the fuel is oxidized by the oxygen in the air included in the working mixture, as a result of which the pressure in the above-piston cavity increases sharply.

In the scheme under consideration, the working mixture in right moment near e.m.t. ignited from an external source using an electric spark high voltage(about 15 sq.m.). To supply a spark to the cylinder, a spark plug is used, which is screwed into the cylinder head.

For engines where fuel is ignited by heat generated from pre-heating compressed air, no spark plug is needed. Such engines are equipped with a special nozzle, through which at the right moment fuel is injected into the cylinder under a pressure of 100 ÷ 300 kg/cm² (≈ 10-30 MN/m²) or more.

4. During the expansion process, hot gases, trying to expand, move the piston from the top. to n.m.t. The working stroke of the piston is completed, which transmits pressure through the connecting rod to the connecting rod journal crankshaft and turns it around.

5. During the release process, the piston moves from ground level. to e.m.t. and through the second valve, which opens by this time, pushes the exhaust gases out of the cylinder. Combustion products remain only in the volume of the combustion chamber, from where they cannot be forced out by the piston. Continuity of engine operation is ensured by subsequent repetition of operating cycles.

The processes associated with preparing the working mixture for combustion in the cylinder, as well as freeing the cylinder from combustion products, in single-cylinder engines are carried out by the movement of the piston due to the energy of the flywheel, which it accumulates during the power stroke.

In multi-cylinder engines, the auxiliary strokes of each cylinder are performed due to the work of other (adjacent) cylinders. Therefore, these engines can, in principle, operate without a flywheel.

For ease of study, the operating cycle various engines They are divided into processes or, conversely, they group the processes of the working cycle, taking into account the position of the piston relative to the dead points in the cylinder. This allows all processes in piston engines to be considered depending on the movement of the piston, which is more convenient.

The part of the working cycle carried out in the interval of movement of the piston between two adjacent dead points is called a stroke.

The stroke, and therefore the corresponding stroke of the piston, is given the name of the process that is fundamental for a given movement of the piston between its two dead points (positions).

In an engine, each stroke (piston stroke) corresponds, for example, to well-defined basic processes: intake, compression, expansion, exhaust. Therefore, in such engines there are different strokes: intake, compression, expansion and exhaust. Each of these four names is correspondingly assigned to the strokes of the piston.

In any piston internal combustion engines, the operating cycle consists of the five processes discussed above according to the scheme discussed above in four piston strokes or in just two piston strokes. According to this piston engines divided into two- and four-stroke.

Four stroke engine was first demonstrated by Nikolaus Otto in 1876 and is therefore also known as the Otto cycle. The technically correct term is four-stroke cycle. Four-stroke engines is the most common type of engine nowadays. They are installed on almost all passenger cars and trucks.

The four-stroke engine was first demonstrated by Nikolaus Otto in 1876 and is therefore also known as the Otto cycle. The technically correct term is four-stroke cycle. The four-stroke engine is perhaps the most common type of engine nowadays. They are installed on all cars and trucks.

The four strokes of the cycle are intake, compression, expansion and exhaust. exhaust gases. Each corresponds to one full speed piston, so a complete cycle requires two revolutions of the crankshaft.

Intake stroke.
During intake, the piston moves from TDC (top dead center) down to BDC (bottom dead center), drawing in a fresh charge of the air-fuel mixture. The engine shown in the figure has a "poppet" intake valve that is opened by the flow of fresh charge being drawn in. Some early engines worked this way. However, in modern engines the intake valve is opened by the control valve cam.

Compression stroke.
After reaching BDC, the piston begins to move up to TDC, the pressure in the cylinder increases, the intake valve closes and the air-fuel mixture is compressed.

Expansion stroke, or power stroke.
Shortly before the end of the compression cycle, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by a spark from the spark plug. During the piston's journey from TDC to BDC, fuel burns, and under the influence of the heat of the burned fuel, the working mixture expands, pushing the piston. When gases expand, they undergo useful work, therefore, the piston stroke during this stroke of the crankshaft is called the power stroke.

Release stroke.
After BDC of the operating cycle, the exhaust valve opens and the upward moving piston displaces the exhaust gases from the engine cylinder. When the piston reaches TDC, the exhaust valve closes and the cycle begins again.

Animated drawings show the basic operating principle of one cylinder of a four-stroke engine.

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Many car enthusiasts and other people who are far from knowledge and understanding of how a car engine works want to clearly see the operation of the engine and consider all the processes occurring inside. If you are not a student of the relevant educational institutions, where in special classes and classrooms they place cutaway models of engines and other educational materials, then it is quite difficult to understand how the engine works. The dry description in books about how many strokes pass during engine operation and what point the piston reaches at a certain moment is intended for people who can at least imagine this and are not so far from this topic. Rare black and white pictures in such literature are also unable to shed light on this issue. Therefore, I present to your attention modern gif animations on how the engine works from the inside. Visualization of all processes will help you more deeply understand the principle of the design and operation of the engine in your car.

This animation shows an in-line four-stroke engine with two intake and two exhaust valves on each cylinder. The first stroke is intake, the combustible mixture prepared in the carburetor enters the cylinder and is sucked into the cylinder by intake manifold when the intake valves open. This animation shows injection using an injector, so the mixture is formed directly in the cylinder. The valves open, air flows in and fuel is injected at the same time. The second stroke is compression. At this moment, the intake valves close and the piston rises up the cylinder, compressing the mixture of fuel and air in the volume. The third stroke is the power stroke of the piston down the cylinder, due to the fact that ignition occurs combustible mixture after the spark plug produces a spark. The ignition energy, which is essentially a small explosion, pushes the piston down. This wave causes the connecting rods to rotate the crankshaft and, accordingly, drive the flywheel and transmit rotation to the wheels of the car. This is how the engine works. In the fourth stroke, the piston returns up the cylinder, opening exhaust valves and exhaust gases through an exhaust manifold and the exhaust gas system (muffler, exhaust pipe) enter the atmosphere. Then the cycles are repeated until the fuel runs out or the engine is stopped by turning off the ignition.

In this animation you can see how the shafts of the gas distribution mechanism are driven and what position the pistons occupy in the cylinders in relation to each other during engine operation. The colors schematically indicate the beats, in accordance with those that were assigned to them in the first animation above.

Here you can see how the distributor works (spark distributor to the cylinders, ignition distributor) and observe the order in which sparks are issued to the cylinders. At the right moment, a slider located on the ignition distributor shaft transmits voltage to the desired section of the distributor cover and through the high-voltage cable to the correct cylinder. A high-voltage cable placed on the spark plug makes it work by producing a spark inside the cylinder. She's already lighting the mixture.

This animation shows how the air flow is captured through the air intake and passes through air filter and forming a mixture with fuel enters the cylinders. Below is shown the engine lubrication system, which ensures the operation of all rotating engine components. The oil intake is located in the lower part of the sump recess and, using a pump, oil flows upward through oil channels and gets to the right places.

The operation of the injector and the controller that determines injection at the required moment is shown.

A car engine can look like a big tangled mess of metal parts, tubes and wires to the uninitiated. At the same time, the engine is the “heart” of almost any car - 95% of all cars run on an internal combustion engine.

In this article we will discuss the working of an internal combustion engine: its general principle, we will study the specific elements and phases of engine operation, find out exactly how the potential of fuel is converted into rotational force, and try to answer the next questions: how does an internal combustion engine work, what types of engines are there, and what do certain parameters and characteristics of the engine mean? And, as always, all this is simple and accessible, like twice two.

the main objective gasoline engine The job of a car is to convert gasoline into motion so that your car can move. Currently, the easiest way to create movement from gasoline is to simply burn it inside the engine. Thus, a car “engine” is an internal combustion engine - i.e. combustion of gasoline occurs inside it.

Exist different kinds internal combustion engines. Diesel engines are one of the forms, and gas turbines are a completely different form. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Well, as you will notice, since there is an internal combustion engine, then there must be an engine external combustion. The steam engine in old-fashioned trains and steamships is just that. best example external combustion engine. Fuel (coal, wood, oil, any other) in steam engine burns outside the engine to create steam, and the steam creates movement inside the engine. Of course, the internal combustion engine is much more efficient (at a minimum it consumes much more less fuel per kilometer of vehicle travel) than an external combustion engine; in addition, an internal combustion engine is much smaller in size than an equivalent external combustion engine. This explains why we don't see a single car that looks like a steam locomotive.

Now let's take a closer look at how an internal combustion engine works.

Let's look at the principle behind any reciprocating internal combustion engine: if you put a small amount of high-energy fuel (like gasoline) in a small enclosed space and light it (that fuel), an incredible amount of energy will be released in the form of an expanding gas. You can use this energy, for example, to propel a potato. In this case, the energy is converted into movement of this potato. For example, if you pour a little gasoline into a pipe, one end of which is tightly closed and the other is open, and then put a potato in and set fire to the gasoline, then its explosion will provoke the movement of this potato due to squeezing it out by the exploding gasoline, thus the potato will fly high into the sky if you point the pipe upward. We briefly described the principle of operation of an ancient cannon. But you can also use this gasoline energy for more interesting purposes. For example, if you can create a cycle of gasoline explosions hundreds of times per minute, and if you can use this energy for useful purposes, then know that you already have the core for a car engine!

Almost all cars nowadays use what is called four-stroke combustion cycle to convert gasoline into motion. The four-stroke cycle is also known as the Otto cycle, after Nicholas Otto, who invented it in 1867. So, here they are, these 4 strokes of the engine:

1. Fuel intake stroke
2. Fuel compression stroke
3. Combustion stroke
4. Exhaust stroke

It seems that everything is already clear from this, doesn’t it? You can see in the figure below that an element called a piston replaces a potato in the “potato cannon” we described earlier. The piston is connected to crankshaft using a connecting rod. Just don’t be afraid of new terms - in fact, there are not many of them in the principle of engine operation!

The following engine elements are indicated by letters in the figure:

A - Camshaft
B - Valve cover
C - Exhaust valve
D - Exhaust port
E - Cylinder head
F - Coolant cavity
G - Engine block
H - Oil sump
I - Engine sump
J - Spark plug
K - Inlet valve
L - Inlet
M - Piston
N - Connecting rod
O - Connecting Rod Bearing
P - Crankshaft

Here's what happens when an engine goes through its full four-stroke cycle:

1. The initial position of the piston is at the very top, at this moment the intake valve opens and the piston moves down, thus sucking the prepared mixture of gasoline and air into the cylinder. This is the intake stroke. Just a tiny drop of gasoline needs to mix with the air for the whole thing to work.
2. When the piston reaches its lowest point, then the intake valve closes and the piston begins to move back up (gasoline is “trapped”), compressing this mixture of fuel and air. Compression will subsequently make the explosion more powerful.
3. When the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the spark plug emits a spark generated by over ten thousand volts to ignite the gasoline. Detonation occurs and the gasoline in the cylinder explodes, pushing the piston down with incredible force.
4. After the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke again, it is the exhaust valve's turn to open. Then the piston moves upward (this happens by inertia) and the spent mixture of gasoline and air exits the cylinder through the exhaust hole to begin its journey to exhaust pipe and further into the upper atmosphere.

Now that the valve is back at the very top, the engine is ready for the next cycle, so it sucks in the next portion of the mixture of air and gasoline to further spin the crankshaft, which, in fact, transmits its torque further through the transmission to the wheels. Now look below how the engine works in all four strokes.

You can see the operation of an internal combustion engine more clearly in two animations below:

How the engine works - animation

Note that the motion created by the operation of an internal combustion engine is rotational, while the motion created by a potato gun is linear (straight). In an engine, the linear movement of the pistons is converted into rotational movement of the crankshaft. Rotational movement we need it because we plan to turn our car wheels.

Now let's look at all the parts that work together as a team to make this happen, starting with the cylinders!

The core of an engine is a cylinder with a piston that moves up and down inside the cylinder. The engine described above has one cylinder. It would seem, what else is needed for a car?! But no, for a car comfortable ride it needs at least 3 more of these cylinders with pistons and all the attributes necessary for this couple (valves, connecting rods, etc.), but one cylinder is only suitable for most lawn mowers. Look - below in the animation you will see the operation of a 4-cylinder engine:

Engine types

Cars most often have four, six, eight and even ten, twelve and sixteen cylinders (the last three options are installed mainly on sports cars and fireballs). IN multi-cylinder engine All cylinders are usually located in one of three ways:

• Row
• V-shaped
• Opposed

Here they are - all three types of cylinder arrangement in the engine:

In-line arrangement of 4 cylinders

Opposed 4-cylinder arrangement

V-shaped arrangement of 6 cylinders

Various configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of vibration, production cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for the use of certain specific Vehicle. Thus, it rarely makes sense to make 4-cylinder engines V-twin, so they are usually in-line; and 8-cylinder engines are made more often with V-shaped arrangement cylinders

Now let's clearly see how the fuel injection system, oil and other components in the engine work:

Let's look at some key engine parts in more detail:

Now attention! Based on everything we’ve read, let’s look at the full cycle of operation of the engine with all its elements:

Full cycle engine operation

Why doesn't the engine work?

Let's say you go out to your car in the morning and start to start it, but it won't start. What could be wrong? Now that you know how an engine works, you can understand the basic things that can prevent the engine from starting. Three fundamental things can happen:

• Poor fuel mixture
• No compression
• No spark

Yes, there are thousands of other minor things that can create problems, but the Big Three are most often the result or cause of one of them. From a simple understanding of engine performance, we can come up with a short list of how these problems affect the engine.

A poor fuel mixture may be due to one of the following reasons:

• You simply have run out of gas in the tank, and the engine is trying to start from air.
• The air intake may be clogged, so the engine is getting fuel but not enough air to detonate.
• Fuel system may supply too much or too little fuel to the mixture, meaning combustion does not occur properly.
• There may be impurities in the fuel (and for Russian quality gasoline, this is especially true), which prevent the fuel from burning fully.

Lack of Compression - If the air and fuel charge cannot be compressed properly, the combustion process will not work as it should. Lack of compression can occur for the following reasons:

• Piston rings are worn (allowing air and fuel to flow past the piston during compression)
• Intake or exhaust valves do not seal properly, opening leaks again during compression
• A hole appeared in the cylinder.

The lack of spark can be for a number of reasons:

• If the spark plugs or the wire that goes to them are worn out, the spark will be weak.
• If the wire is damaged or simply missing, or if the system that sends the spark through the wire is not working properly.
• If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle, the fuel will not ignite in right time, and this can cause all sorts of problems.

And here are a number of other reasons why the engine may not work, and here we will touch on some parts outside the engine:

• If the battery is dead, you will not be able to crank the engine to start it.
• If the bearings that allow the crankshaft to rotate freely are worn out, the crankshaft will not be able to turn, so the engine will not be able to run.
• If the valves don't open and close at the right times, or don't work at all, air won't be able to get in and exhaust won't be able to get out, so again the engine won't be able to run.
• If someone, for hooligan reasons, stuffs a potato into the exhaust pipe, the exhaust gases will not be able to exit the cylinder, and the engine will not work again.
• If there is not enough oil in the engine, the piston will not be able to move up and down freely in the cylinder, making it difficult or impossible to normal work engine.

In a properly operating engine, all these factors are within tolerance. As you can see, the engine has a number of systems that help it do its job of converting fuel into propulsion flawlessly. We will look at the various subsystems used in engines in the following sections.

Most engine subsystems can be implemented using different technologies, and best technologies can significantly improve engine performance. That is why the development of the automotive industry continues at the highest pace, because the competition among automakers is great enough to invest a lot of money in every additional squeezed horsepower from the engine with the same volume. Let's look at the various subsystems used in modern engines, starting with the operation of the valves in the engine.

How do valves work?

A valve system consists of valves and a mechanism that opens and closes them. The system for opening and closing them is called camshaft . Camshaft has special parts on its axis that move the valves up and down, as shown in the figure below.

Majority modern engines have what they call overhead jaws. This means that the shaft is located above the valves, as you see in the picture. Older engines use a camshaft located in the crankcase near the crankshaft. The camshaft, rotating, moves the cam with its protrusion downward so that it pushes the valve down, creating a gap for the passage of fuel or exhaust gases. Timing belt or chain drive driven by the crankshaft and transmits torque from it to the camshaft so that the valves are in synchronization with the pistons. The camshaft always rotates one to two times slower than the crankshaft. Many high-performance engines have four valves per cylinder (two for taking fuel in and two for exhausting the exhaust mixture).

How does the ignition system work?

The ignition system produces a high voltage charge and transfers it to the spark plugs using ignition wires. The charge first goes to the ignition coil (a distributor that distributes the spark to the cylinders at a certain time), which you can easily find under the hood of most cars. The ignition coil has one wire running in the center and four, six, eight wires or more depending on the number of cylinders that come out of it. These ignition wires send a charge to each spark plug. The engine receives a spark that is timed in such a way that only one cylinder receives a spark from the distributor at one time. This approach ensures maximum engine smoothness.

How does cooling work?

The cooling system in most cars consists of a radiator and a water pump. Water circulates through passages (channels) around the cylinders and then passes through the radiator to cool it as much as possible. However, there are such car models (primarily Volkswagen Beetle(Beetle)), as well as most motorcycles and lawn mowers that have an air-cooled engine. You've probably seen those air-cooled engines that have fins on the side—a ridged surface that lines the outside of each cylinder to help dissipate heat.

Air cooling makes the engine lighter but hotter, and generally reduces engine life and overall performance. So now you know how and why your engine stays cool.

How does the starting system work?

Improving the performance of your engine is a big deal, but what's more important is what exactly happens when you turn the key to start it! Starting system consists of a starter with an electric motor. When you turn the ignition key, the starter turns the engine several revolutions so that the combustion process begins its work, and only turning the key to reverse side, when the spark stops supplying to the cylinders, and the engine thus stalls.

The starter has powerful electric motor, which rotates cold engine internal combustion. The starter is always quite powerful and, therefore, a battery-consuming engine, because it must overcome:

• All internal friction caused piston rings and aggravated by cold, unheated oil.
• The compression pressure of any cylinder(s) that occurs during the compression stroke.
• The resistance exerted by the camshaft to open and close the valves.
• All other processes directly related to the engine, including the resistance of the water pump, oil pump, generator, etc.

We see that the starter needs a lot of energy. The car most often uses a 12-volt electrical system, and hundreds of amps of electricity must flow to the starter.

How does the injection and lubrication system work?

When it comes daily maintenance car, your first concern is probably checking the amount of gasoline in your car. How does gasoline get out? fuel tank into cylinders? The engine fuel system sucks gasoline from the tank using fuel pump, which is located in the tank, and mixes it with air so that the proper mixture of air and fuel can flow into the cylinders. Fuel is delivered in one of three common ways: carburetor, fuel injection, or direct fuel injection.

Carburetors are now very outdated and are not included in new car models. In an injection engine required quantity fuel is injected individually into each cylinder either directly into the intake valve (fuel injection) or directly into the cylinder ( direct injection fuel).

Oil also plays important role. A perfectly and properly lubricated system ensures that every moving part in the engine receives oil so that it can move easily. The two main parts that need oil are the piston (or more specifically, its rings) and any bearings that allow things like the crankshaft and other shafts to rotate freely. In most cars, oil is sucked from oil pan oil pump, passes through the oil filter to remove dirt particles, and then splashes under high pressure on bearings and cylinder walls. The oil then flows into a sump where it is collected again and the cycle repeats.

Exhaust system

Now that we know about a number of things we put (poured) into our car, let's take a look at the other things that come out of it. The exhaust system includes an exhaust pipe and a muffler. Without a muffler, you would hear the sound of thousands of small explosions from your exhaust pipe. The muffler dampens the sound. Exhaust system also includes catalytic converter, which uses a catalyst and oxygen to burn all unused fuel and some others chemicals V exhaust gases. Thus, your car meets certain European standards for air pollution levels.

What else is there besides all of the above in the car? Electrical system consists of a battery and a generator. The generator is connected to the engine by a belt and produces electricity to charge the battery. The battery produces a 12-volt charge electrical energy, accessible to everything in the car that requires electricity (ignition system, radio,

Steam engines were installed and powered most of the steam locomotives from the early 1800s until the 1950s. I would like to note that the operating principle of these engines has always remained unchanged, despite changes in their design and dimensions.

Steam from the boiler enters the steam chamber, from which it enters the upper (front) part of the cylinder through a steam gate valve (indicated in blue). The pressure created by the steam pushes the piston down to BDC. As the piston moves from TDC to BDC, the wheel makes half a revolution.
At the very end of the piston's movement toward BDC, the steam valve moves, releasing remaining steam through an outlet port located below the valve. Residual steam escapes, creating a characteristic steam engines sound.

At the same time, moving the valve to release residual steam opens the steam inlet to the lower (rear) part of the cylinder. The pressure created by the steam in the cylinder forces the piston to move towards TDC. At this time, the wheel makes another half revolution.
At the end of the piston's movement to TDC, the remaining steam is released through the same exhaust port. The cycle repeats again.

electric motor
Rotation is caused by the forces of magnetic attraction and repulsion acting between the poles of a moving electromagnet (rotor) and the corresponding poles of the external magnetic field created by a stationary electromagnet (or permanent magnet) - stator. The difficulty is to achieve continuous rotation of the engine. And to do this, it is necessary to make sure that the pole of the movable electromagnet, attracted to the opposite pole of the stator, automatically changes to the opposite one - then the rotor will not freeze in place, but will turn further - by inertia and under the influence of the repulsion that arises at that moment.

For automatic switching The rotor poles are served by a commutator. It consists of a pair of plates attached to the rotor shaft, to which the rotor windings are connected. Current is supplied to these plates through current-collecting contacts (brushes). When the rotor is rotated 180°, the plates change places - this automatically changes the direction of the current and, consequently, the poles of the moving electromagnet. Since like poles repel each other, the coil continues to rotate and its poles are attracted to the corresponding poles on the other side of the magnet.

Gnome aircraft engine was one of several popular rotary engines military aircraft from the First World War. The crankshaft of this engine was attached to the body of the aircraft, while the crankcase and cylinders rotated with the propeller.

The Gnome engine is unique in that it intake valves located inside the piston. Job of this engine carried out according to the well-known Otto cycle. At any given point, each cylinder of the engine is in a different phase of the cycle. The presented drawing with a green connecting rod shows the main, main cylinder.

Advantages of this engine:
There is no need to install counterweights.
The cylinders are constantly in motion, which creates good air cooling, which avoids a liquid cooling system.
Rotating cylinders and pistons create rotating torque, which avoids the use of a flywheel.
Flaws:
Poor maneuvering of the aircraft due to the large weight of the rotating engine, the so-called gyroscopic effect
Poor lubrication system because centrifugal forces forcing lubricating oil accumulate on the periphery of the engine. Oil had to be mixed with fuel to ensure proper lubrication.

Rocket engine.

In order to operate in space, rocket engines must have their own supply of oxygen to burn fuel. Fuel-air mixture is injected into the combustion chamber, where it is constantly burned. The gas produced during combustion is very high pressure is released out through the nozzle, creating reactive force and forcing rocket engine, and with it the rocket to move in the opposite direction.

Turbojet engine (TRJ)

Fuel is constantly burned inside the combustion chamber of the turbine. The gas released through the nozzle creates a reactive force.
At the exit from the nozzle there are several turbine stages mounted on general shaft. passing through the turbine blades, the gas causes them to rotate. Fixed guide vanes are installed between the turbine wheels, which give a certain direction to the gas flow on the way to the next stage (wheel) of the turbine, which creates more efficient rotation.
Together with the turbine, a compressor is installed on a single shaft in the front of the engine, which serves to compress and supply air to the combustion chamber.